2018 SAQ Flashcards
What are the classes of filaments present in the cytoskeleton of the cell and their respective diameters?
ACTIN - 6
microtubules- 25
intermediate - 10
What are the 3 functions of Golgi Apparatus?
modify lipids protein and lipids
where is rRNA synthesised in the cell
nucleolus
What are the 2 enzymes that catalyse this reactions : glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate?
hexokinase
glucokinase
Overall Glycolysis reaction: glucose + 2 NAD+ + 2 ADP + Pi = 2 X + 2 Y + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 H2O. What is X and Y?
X - ATP
Y - PYRUVATE
List down the 2 steps (showing their substrate and production, no need to show enzyme) that require ATP in glycolysis.
glucose to glucose 6 phosphate
fructose 6 to fructose 1,6
what is the rate limiting enzyme for aerobic glycolysis?
PFK1
Name the 2 products of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.
dihydroxyacetonephopshate
G3P
Parasympathetic stimulation to the heart
Which nerve?
Where does it synapse?
What is its effect on bowel blood flow?
vagus
preganglionic fibres
Baroreceptor
2 anatomical positions of baroreceptors?
Afferent nerve supply to medulla?
carotid sinus
aortic arch
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output? (no abbreviations)
What is the equation for calculating blood pressure?
SV x HR
TPR x CO
What is the effect of increased ventilation on PaO2?
lower
Describe the effect of blood loss on kidneys via RAAS.
RAAS is activated when there is a drop in BP or BV.
Juxtaglomerular cells in kidney release renin in response to decreased BP.
Renin converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin 1.
ACE cleaves Angiotensin 1 to form Angiotensin 2.
Angiotensisn 2 is vasoconstrictor leading to increase in BP.
Describe the effect of ADH on kidneys.
ADH binds to AVPR 2 receptors on collecting ducts
Promotes aquaporins to embed themselves in cell membrane
Promotes water intake into the cell
Which type of cell produces immunoglobulin?
Plasma cells
Which Ig is first produces in infection?
IgM
Which Ig is present on mucosal surface?
IgA
What is the most abundant Ig in circulation?
IgG
A process to produce different Ig?
Different antigen exposure
Which property of immunity does vaccination use?
Adaptive immunity
What are the 4 ways antibodies use to kill bacteria?
Neutralisation of infection
Phagocytosis
Use of lysosomes
What are the 4 histological layers of the intestine?
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
2 histological descriptions of the duodenal epithelium.
Mucosa is simple columnar
Submucosa loose connective tissue
Smooth muscle layer
List 4 ways the small intestine maximise absorption
Plicae circularis
Villi
Microvilli
Highly folded
List 5 liver functions.
Detoxification
Energy storage
Synthesis of clotting factors
State Vitamins? stored in the liver
ADEK B12
Name 2 metals the liver stores.
Iron
Copper
Where are red blood cells broken down
Spleen
Liver
What is unconjugated bilirubin bound to in blood
Albumin
What is involved in making bilirubin hydrophilic
In liver bilirubin conjugated wtih glucaronic acid by enzyme glucoronyl transferase firstly into bilirubin glucuronide then to bilirubin diglucuronide making it soluble in water
Define or describe cross sectional study.
Data from a population at a specific point in time
What does ‘adjusted’ mean?
When averages must be corrected to compensate for data imbalances and large variances
Define opportunity cost
Loss of value or benefit that would be incurred by engaging in the activity
2 principles economists use
Cost of something that you have to give up to get it - cost benefit
And peoples responses to incentives- cost consequences
4 ways to evaluate costs in economics?
Cost effectiveness
Cost benefit
Cost utility
Cost consequences
Which part of the brain controls autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
Name the 2 functional divisions of the autonomic nervous system and briefly list down their functions.
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Where in the CNS do the nerves exit
The spinal canal via the intervertebral foramen
Effect on sphincter during micturition
External innervated by pudendal nerve
What is the precursor to dopamine?
Tyrosine L-Dopa
A hormone and a neurotransmitter dopamine is metabolised into?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
Where does dopamine project to?
Ventral tegmentum area
Where is dopamine synthesised?
In dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmentum area of the Substantia nigra in mid brain and arcuate nucleus
Name 2 neurological diseases associated with basal ganglia damage
Parkinsons Huntingtons
Psychiatric issue with basal ganglia
OCD
Pigment in skin
Which cell in skin secretes it?
What is the pigment?
Melanin
Melanocytes
Range of days for menstrual cycle?
21-35
Where is GnRH produced?
Hypothalamus
Which hormone stimulates follicle development?
FSH
Which hormone stimulates ovulation?
Luteinising hormone
Have sex during which period most likely to lead to fertilisation?
ovulation phase
Which hormone does corpus luteum mainly produce?
Progesterone
Calculate Blood pressure
BP= CO x TPR
What is the effect of aldosterone on the kidney?
Acts on DCT and collecting ducts by binding to intracellular mineral corticoid receptor that translocates to the nucleus
What is the primary physiological function of aldosterone?
Acts on dct and collecting duct to increase sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron to maintain sodium balance
What 2 factors stimulate production of ADH?
Change in osmotic pressure
Volume status
What is the main physiological effect of activated vitamin D?
Bone growth
Mineral metabolism
Name 2 places that are involved in the activation of vitamin D? List their substrate and product
kidneys- -calcidiol —-> cholecalciferol
Liver to vitamin D is cholecalciferol —-> calcitriol 25- dihydroxy vit d
What proportion people vit d deficient in winter?
95% of Caucasian
2 groups of people in UK who are susceptible to vitamin D deficiency?
Elderly, young, Caucasian, eczema
Name 4 rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor
Innervation of axillary nerve?
Sensory:
Motor:
Sensory - skin over lower deltoid
Motor - teres minor and deltoid
What initiates abduction from the rotary cuff muscle
From the rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus
What are the actions that lift arm above head apart from actions at shoulder joint?
SUPRASPINATUS
DELTOID
TRAPEZIUS
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
