2011 SAQ Flashcards
2 regions of stomach
Fundus, cardia, pylorus, body, antrum
Where are gastrin, hcl, IF, pepsinogen produced
What part of stomach are the formed
G cells - Gastrin - body
HCL - parietal cells
IF - Parietal cells
Pepsinogen - chief cells
Apart from gastrin what factors stimulate parietal cells?
Ach Histamine
what 3 processes would you advise for someone to stop smoking
ready, steady, stop
2 reasons someone might not be able to quit
Addiction, dependence, enjoyment
what 2 aids would you give someone that smokes
NRT
CBT
2 non respiratory conditions smokers are at risk of
Heart disease
Myocardial infarction
Stroke
Diabetes
What is present in segmental bronchi but not respiratory bronchioles?
Cartilage
What three things comprise a respiratory acinus?
Resp bronchiole + alveolar duct + alveolus
What part of your respiratory tract lies behind sternal angle?
Carina - t4
Which glucocorticoid is the most common in man?
Cortisol
Which two anatomical areas are involved in glucocorticoids negative feedback loops?
Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
What two hormones does glucorticoids inhibit?
ACTH, CRH, glucagon
Which hormone from the pituitary gland stimulates the release of glucocorticoids and what class of receptor does it bind to?
ACTH – g protein coupled receptor
(remember – all hypothalamic and pituitary hormones act on G-protein coupled receptors and organs act on nuclear receptors)
How do you calculate BMI?
Wt kg /height2
. Name three conditions that are exacerbated or caused by weight gain
Coronary heart disease, diabetes, osteoporosis,
Name two individual reasons that are causing the increase in childhood obesity
Technology development –video games, using car instead of walking / public transport
. Name two factors that contribute to the obesogenic lifestyle
Taking car instead of walking
Opting for fast food / unhealthier food because it’s cheaper and easily available
- What two hormones from the pituitary influence the menstrual cycle?
FSH and LH
- How does progesterone act on the uterus (two things)?
Thickening of the lining (to prevent miscarriage)
Prevents uterine smooth muscle contraction
A biopsy of mid-secretory phase endometrium is normal. Give three histological features that will be seen.
Must know
Glands becoming tortuous
Formation of spiral arteries
Stromal oedema
What hormone does the normal pregnancy test look for?
hcg
. Name two effects that oestrogen has on the endometrium
Uterine SM growth
Softening of cervix and pelvic ligaments
By the 28th week what 3 changes would there be in an embryos cardiorespiratory system?
Day 22- heart beat
Wk 24 – surfactant
Wk 20 – ductus arteriosus opens
Name one hormone from the pituitary and one from the chorion/decidua that induce labour
Pituitary – oxytocin,
Chorion/decidua – PGs
What anatomical site is affected in Parkinson’s
Substantia Nigra
Give three other components of the Basal Ganglia
Caudate, putamen, globus pallidus
What site does brain stimulation affect?
Subthalamic Nucleus
What is the neurotransmitter deficit in Huntington’s disease?
GABA
Which anatomical area is affected in Huntington’s?
Striatum – caudate nucleus
Patient’s wife complains of wasting in the thenar muscles and loss of sensation in thumb and first two fingers. Which nerve is compressed and what structure is compressing it?
Median and flexor retinaculum
. Give four features of pain as defined by the international pain society??
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with an actual or potential damage to tissue,
Nociception, pain perception, suffering, pain behaviour
Pre-frontal gyrus 🡪 pain awareness
Sensorimotor cortex 🡪 positional awareness
Amygdala 🡪 emotional response to pain
A patients Calcium is low but phosphate is normal. What two systemic ‘hormones’ are responsible for the abnormailities.
PTH and calcitonin
. Name three ways that the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and upper gut contribute to innate immunity
Mucus traps bacteria
Muco-ciliary escalator wafts to top of oesophagus
Swallowed and degraded by the low pH of the HCl in the stomach
What two areas of the body have a low pH to combat bacteria?
Stomach and vagina
