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Exotic > 2018 (4) > Flashcards

2018 (4) Flashcards

1
Q

Which drugs are highly prohibited in case of parasitic dermatitis?

A

Fipronil and Amitraz

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2
Q

What do you use for puritis management in rodents and rabbits?

A

Glucocorticoids, antihistamines, lidocaine gel and skin hydration

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3
Q

What are the ear mites, pathogens and treament?

A

Psoroptes caniculs, Ivermectin

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of C-hypovitaminosis?

A

Hyperkeratosis on lips, salivation, pathological fractures, slow wound healing, abnormal
dentin formation, periarthritis and myositis

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5
Q

What are the causes of pododermatitis?

A

Obesitites, age and weak immune system, hard bedding, contamination with urine or
faeces

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6
Q

Which animals is pododeratitis primarily a disese off?

A

Guinea pigs and rabbits

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7
Q

What is the treatment of pododermatitis?

A

Change in bedding, diet and cream for epithelisation, prolonged: betadine, cream and
bandage and NSAID for the pain

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8
Q

When is the breeding season of ferrets?

A

Spring, controlled by photoperiod

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9
Q

Is the ferrets polyestrus or monoestrus?

A

Seasonally polyestrus, induced ovulation

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10
Q

What are the signs of hyperoestrogenism?

A

Anaemia and alopecia, death if not treated

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11
Q

What causes the special odour of a male ferrets?

A

The sebaeccous glands

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12
Q

What is appropriate feed for ferrets?

A

Mice and day-old chickens, ferret and cat food, meat, egg and cheese

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13
Q

What is the danger of giving vegetables and fruits to a ferret?

A

Ileus

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14
Q

What is the danger of giving food rich in sugar to ferrets?

A

Insulinoma

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15
Q

What is the criteria for blood transfusion in ferrets?

A

Healthy male above 1,5 kg

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16
Q

Which vaccinations are obligatory and which are recommended?

A

None are obligatory, distemper and rabies are recommended

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17
Q

What is the cause and consequences of distemper?

A

Paramyxovirus in non-vaccinated animals, CNS symptoms

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18
Q

What can be seen and done in case of vaccine reactions?

A

Symptoms: Puritus, salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock and death
Treatment: Fluid therapy, antihistamines and corticosteroids

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19
Q

How much and what to give to ferrets as fluid therapy?

A

Average 50 ml/kg ringer (lactate) + glucose

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20
Q

In which ferret are enrofloxacin contraindicated?

A

Young and pregnant

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21
Q

Which bacteria are enrofloxacin active against?

A

G+/-, but not anaerobes

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22
Q

Which bacteria are Amoxicillin+clavulinic acid active against?

A

G-, anaerobes, some G+

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23
Q

Contraindications for Amoxicillin+clavulinic acid?

A

None

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24
Q

Spectrum and contraindications of metronidazole?

A

Narrow spectrum (anaerobes), no contraindications

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25
Q

Which analgesics are safe to use in ferrets?

A

Buterphenol, against abdominal pain: Ketoprofen

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26
Q

What are the indications for blood transfusion?

A

Severe anaemia

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27
Q

How many blood type groups exisit in the ferret?

A

None

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28
Q

What ferret is good for being a blood donor?

A

1,5 kg healthy male ferret, 5-10ml of blood

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29
Q

Indications for castrating a male ferret?

A

Smell and aggression

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30
Q

Symptoms and incidene of GI foreign bodies?

A

Common in young ferrets, lethargy, anorexia, salivation, fierce rubbing, vomiting,
diarrheae and dehydration

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31
Q

Aetheology and pathogenesis of hydronephrosis?

A

Obstruction of ureter, urin retention, distension and dilation of renal pelvis, progessive
atrophy

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32
Q

What is the most common tumor in ferrets?

A

Insulinoma

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33
Q

Symptoms of insulinoma?

A

Acute: Hypoglycaemia, adrenal symptoms

Chronic: Lethargy, weakness, anorexia

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34
Q

What is the physiological glucose concentration in ferrets?

A

5-11,5 mmol/l

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35
Q

What is the problem with hematology in birds?

A

Small species, venipuncture causes stress and fast haemolysis

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36
Q

What can be used as anticoagulent if you want a blood smear, blood sample for hematology and biochem?

A

Blood smear: None
Haematology: EDTA
Biochemistry: Heparin

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37
Q

Which sites can be used for venipuncture in birds?

A

Vena jugularis, cutanea ulnaris, caudalis tibialis, sinus venosus occipitalis, heart, nail
clipping

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38
Q

What can cause blood loss anaemia in birds?

A

Trauma, ulcer, ecto/endo paratsites and coagulation disorders

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39
Q

What can cause haemolytic anaemia in birds?

A

Haemoparasites: Plasmodium, Haemoproteins, Leukocytes

Bacteria: Salmonella

Toxicosis: Aflatoxin

Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

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40
Q

What can cause aplastic anaemia in birds?

A

Chronic infections: tuberculosis, chlamydophilosis aspergillosis

Chronic renal disease

Toxicosis: Mycotoxin

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41
Q

Are haematological machines useful for counting avian blood?

A

no

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42
Q

In which cases can basophilia be observed in birds?

A

Inflammation of skin or muscle, parasites, chlamydophilosis, respiratory disease,
severe tissue damage, starvation and mycotoxicosis

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43
Q

Non-infectious causes for feather plucking?

A

Malnutrition, genetic feather disorder, allergies, tumors, heavy metal toxicosis, pain,
hepatopathy and proventricular dilation disease

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44
Q

Infectious causes of feather plucking?

A

Chlamydophilosis, endo/ectoparasites, folliculitis, air sacculitis and puritus

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45
Q

Social causes of feather plucking?

A

Separation, attention seeking, stress, reproduction related, failure to learn, proening
behaviora and poor socialisation

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46
Q

What are the non-infectious causes of bumble foot, and in which birds is it more common?

A

Inadequate perches, poor hygiene, obesity and inactivity Raptors and parrots

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47
Q

Treatment of bumblefoot in birds?

A

Topical anitmicrobials, hydrophilic dressing and pedding of the feet, anti-inflammatory
and analgesics, devridement and suturing, consider systemic antibiotic, long term: alter
or pad peches, exercise, altered diet to control obesity and supply enough vitamin A

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48
Q

Incidence and causes of bone fractures?

A

Wild birds: Gun shot or car accidents

Pet: Improper handling, cage

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49
Q

Causes and incidence of rachitis in birds?

A

Ca deficiency, vitamin D or UV light deficiency in young birds

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50
Q

Symptoms and treatment of rachitis in young birds?

A

Painfull malformation, mostly untreatable and sugery in case of malformated
tibiotarsus

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51
Q

Treatment of band and ring injuries in birds?

A

Remove band with minimal tissues damage, assess distal feet viability, hydroscopic dressing, antibiotic and prevent trauma

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52
Q

What is the incidence and aethology of beak deformities?

A

Captive birds, improper abression of the beak and beak damage

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53
Q

How can you treat and prevent beak deformities?

A

Correction, prevention with proper toys and proper food

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54
Q

Is it good to measure ALT, LDH, ALP and AST for detecting liver disease in birds?

A

ALT, LDH, and ALP are not sensitive or specific for liver disorders in birds
AST is sensitive, but not specific for hepatocytes

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55
Q

What can increase bile acids suggest in birds?

A

Hepatic insufficiency and deacreased liver function

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56
Q

Is endoscopic examand biopsy recommended as diagnostic tools in liver disease?

A

Risky, liver failure, reults of biopsy usually not conclusive except in cases of tumor,
mycobacterial infections and conditions unresponsive to therapy

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57
Q

How could you treat a liver disease in birds?

A

Fluid therapy: Non-lactated every 24 hour
- Secondary infections
- Nutrional support and blood transfusion
- Treat hepatic encephalopathy
Lactulose
Antibiotics
Protein restriction
- Treat ascites
Fluid removal in case of severe dyspnoea
Diuretics
Sodium restriction
- Hepatoprotectants: Ursodeoxycholic acid and vitamin E

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58
Q

Treatment time for chlamydia in birds?

A

45 days

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59
Q

Drugs for chlamydiosis?

A

Enrofloxacine, Doxycydine, Chlortetracyline

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60
Q

What are the guinea pig mites?

A

Glincola porcelli, Glyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caniae, Trixocarus caniae

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61
Q

When was the ferret domesticated?

A

2000 years ago

62
Q

What is protected contact?

A

Contact through a secure barrier

63
Q

What can be conservative medicine?

A

Hyperol, betadine, anti-septic creams, bandages and NSAIDs

64
Q

How long is the pregnancy if ferrets?

A

41-43 days

65
Q

Puberty in ferrets occurs around?

A

6-12 months

66
Q

Treatment of Scabies in rabbits?

A

Ivermectin

67
Q

Treatment time for salmonella in birds?

A

14-21 days

68
Q

Antibiotics which shouldn’t be given for rodents?

A

Penicollin, Amoxycillin

69
Q

What is the most precise diagnostic testing for kidney disease in birds?

A

Endoscopic exam and biopsy

70
Q

Non-infectious causes of liver diease?

A

Vitamin deficiency, starving, toxicosis and tumor

71
Q

Which species are easy to intubate?

A

Swan (birds)

72
Q

Which of the following species belongs to medium sized parrots?

A

Nanday

73
Q

Which of the following species has a true winter sleep?

A

Hedgehog

74
Q

At what temperature cannot hedgehogs be kept in captivity?

A

8-16 ºC (will be lethargic)

75
Q

How many times a day do you feed hedgehogs in captivity?

A

Once a day (evening)

76
Q

What is true for hand reared birds?

A

Bond to people

77
Q

Animal which prefers sunflower seeds?

A

Large and medium parrots

78
Q

Animal which prefers millet seeds?

A

Budgerigar

79
Q

What vitamin deficiency is common in turtles?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

80
Q

Animal which is fed mainly rapeseed?

A

Canary

81
Q

What is French moult?

A

Loss of flight feathers

82
Q

Soft food mix, to whom do you add it?

A

Parrots and Finches

83
Q

Which adult reptile is omnivorous?

A

Red eared slider (young is carnivore, adult is omnivore)

84
Q

When to neuter the ferret?

A

If general state allows surgery

85
Q

Can you give Ivermectin to turtles?

A

no

86
Q

What is megabacteria?

A

It is a fungus

87
Q

Where to take blood or give fluid in bird?

A

Blood sampling: Juglar vein, cutaneous ulnar vein

Fluids: In small birds ! subcutaenous in different places, IV catheter in large birds !
intraosseal (ulnar or tibiotarsal)

88
Q

Which species is real herbivores?

A

Rabbit, Chinchilla, Degu and Guinea Pig

89
Q

Which species is real omnivores?

A

Hamsters, Gerbil, Squirrels, Rat and Mouse (need more animal protein e.g. eggs,
cheese and insects)

90
Q

Pulsioxymeter measures what?

A

it is a non-invasive method to measure O2 saturation during anasthesia

91
Q

How can you treat feather plucking in birds?

A

Eliminate the cause, enviromental enrichment, psychiatric treatment and medical
treatment

92
Q

What are the mycobacterium species in reptiles?

A

Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium chelonae, Mycobacterium tamnopheos

93
Q

Non-infectious causes of kidney disease in birds?

A

vitamin A deficiency, toxicosis and tumors

94
Q

What are the symptoms of kidney disease in birds?

A

Dehydration, lameness, weakness, vomiting, regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia and
apathy

95
Q

How would you treat kidney disease in birds?

A

Fluid therapy, antibiotic, colchicin for fibrosis, omega 3 and vitamin A

96
Q

What can cause crop inpation?

A

Too much feed and foreign bodies, swelling, dilation and atony

97
Q

What is the cause of crop burn?

A

Too hot feeding formulars to hand reared chicks

98
Q

What are the symptoms and treatment of foreign bodies in the GI tract of birds?

A

Symptoms: Poor appetite, regurgitation, depression and lethargy

Treatment: Fluids, antibiotics, paraffin oil and surgery

99
Q

What are the symptoms of moulting disorders in birds?

A

Lenghtened moulting period, malformation of the feathers and discoloration of
feathers

100
Q

In which birds are feather cysts a genetic problem?

A

Finches

101
Q

Causes of moulting disorders in birds?

A

Protein deficiency, vitamin deficiency and chronic diseases

102
Q

Pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of feather cysts?

A

Feathers cannot grow, forms a cyst beneath the skin (yellow pea-sized firm mass) and
surgery is the only option

103
Q

Incidence, aethology and treatment of egg binding?

A

In parrots, absolute or relative big egg, systemic diseases, remove egg or surgery

104
Q

Aethology, symptoms and treatment of mycotoxicosis?

A

From mouldy feeds, black blood diarrhoea and general symptoms, changing of the
feed is the treatment

105
Q

Incidence, aethology, symptoms and treatment of lead toxicosis?

A

Mostly in parrots, by ingestion of things containing lead, general symptoms, CNS
symptoms, treat with Ca EDTA and D-penicillamine

106
Q

Symptoms and treatment of crop burn?

A

Local necrosis, hole and dehydration, surgical treatment (debridement and closure of
defect)

107
Q

Incidence, aetiology and treatment of cloacal prolapse?

A

Mostly in parrots (in egg laying females), surgical treatment (surgical attachment of
ventral cloaca to the abdominal wall)

108
Q

Diagnostic testing for feather plucking?

A

Blood analyisis, x-ray, seeing, fecal exam, skin scraping, feather pulp cytology,
chlamydophila test and skin biopsy

109
Q

Can propofol be used as a pain regulator?

A

No (has no analgesic effect, just anasthetic effect)

110
Q

What are the general zoonotic diseases?

A

Snakes: Pentastomida, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Salmonella

Birds: Psittacosis, Mycobacterium

111
Q

What is blister disease in reptiles?

A

Sudden in snales, due to high humidity and poor cage hygiene, fluid filled blistes
ventrally and secondary bacterial infections

112
Q

What can cause diptheric membrane in mouth of birds?

A

Avipoxvirus, vitamin A deficiency, trichomonas and conidia

113
Q

What can cause myxomatosis in rabbits, and what are the symptoms?

A

Lepori Poxvirus

Letargy, anorexia, skin hemorrhages, seizures, edematous nodules on the face and
perineum, and mucosal form (respiratory signs are common)

114
Q

Often things on how to treat parasites in different exotic animals?

A

Eimeria: Sulfonamids
Giardia, Amoeba, Cilia: Metronidazole

Praziquantel: Tapeworm

115
Q

Liver disease specific symptoms?

A

Green or yellow urates, abdominal swelling (ascites), coagulopathies, melena,
abnormal beak/nails and discoloured feathers

116
Q

Infectious agents of liver diseases?

A

Viral: Herpes, Adeno, Polyoma

Bacterial: Salmonella, E. coli, Klebsiella, Chlamydophila, Mycobacterium and
Mycoplasma

Fungal: Aspergillus, Candida

Protozoal: Toxoplasma, Histomonas and Trichomonas

117
Q

What are causes of metabolic bone disease?

A

Deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D3, poor husbandry and lack of UVBlight

118
Q

What are the symptoms of metabolic bone disease?

A

Lethargy, reluctance of movement, difficulty in lifting body off the ground, ataxia,
paresis and paralysis of hindlimbs, weight loss and softening, swelling and deformities of
bones (e.g. soft mandibles)

119
Q

According to CITES, what appendix does tortoise belong to?

A

Appendix II (or B)

120
Q

How to sex determine grey parrot?

A

Endoscopy and DNA

121
Q

Which mite is found on the beak of the bird?

A

Knemidocoptes pilae (Scaly face mites)

122
Q

Which statement is true regarding the scent glands?

A

Castration greatly reduces the smell

123
Q

What is atheroma?

A

Reversible accumulation of degenerative material in the inner layer of an artery wall

124
Q

How can you treat atheroma?

A

Only surgery is possible

125
Q

Why is Xylazine contraindicated in rabbits?

A

It decreases the motility of the gut, and do not give in case of heart disease (causes
higher heart rate)

126
Q

What are other consequence of long hibernation?

A

Exication, severe weight loss, frost Injuries and bite injuries in rats and mice

127
Q

How to reduce the smell of the ferrets?

A

Castration or neutering

128
Q

How to diagnose Encephalitozoonosis?

A

With the clinical signs (neurological, renal and opthalmologic signs)

129
Q

What is usually contraindicated in birds during x-ray?

A

A grid

130
Q

When can you see seeds in faeces of parrot?

A

When there is lack of grit

131
Q

Ferrent enzymes (ALT, AST) liver specific, or not?

A

Liver specific

132
Q

How to open a lizard for a coeliotomy?

A

Paramedian incision

133
Q

What are the signs of stomatitis in snake and gecko?

A

Excessive salivation, anorexia, weight loss, lethargy, lower respiratory tract disease
and blocked nasolacrimal ducts

134
Q

When do you need to do a liver biopsy?

A

In case of Mycobacterium infection and conditions unresponsive to therapy

135
Q

What are the wrong statement regarding Epizootic catarrhal enteritis?

A

High mortality and low morbidity

136
Q

What is the perfect cage size for a bird?

A

The bigger the better, minimum x 3 the wingspan. Smoke free, not windy, never next to
household appliances, uncovered stainless steel and wire thickness (for Macaw 2-4
mm), and density (finches) is important

137
Q

What are the anatomy parts of the turtle shell?

A

Keratinised, hard shell (living bone tissue), lower shell (Plastron), upper shell (carapax),
spinal column, shoulder blades, ribs, hipbone, scales and shields

138
Q

Which bone part is missing from the turtles?

A

No breastbone

139
Q

What is the cause of proventriculcus dilation syndrome?

A

Bornavirus (damages the nerves of the proventriculus)

140
Q

What are the clinical signs of proventriculus dilation syndrome?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, delayed crop emptying and CNS signs (ataxia and seizures)

141
Q

What is the most important parameter to check in a bird?

A

Respiratory rate incase they have dyspnoea

142
Q

Diagnosis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease?

A

Calicivirus after 4-5 weeks of age, systemic disease with fast progression, high
morbidity and mortality, fever, lethargy, respiratory signs and sudden death. Pulmonary
hemorrhages and catharral enteritis with paler liver due to hepatocyte necrosis.
Vaccinate against it, diagnosis: mainly with autopsy for the pale friable liver and black
speen, plus diffuse hemorrhages, also reverse trascriptase polymerase chain reaction,
ELISA and Western blot

143
Q

C-section is contraindicated in which rodent?

A

Guinea pig (preventing dystocia)

144
Q

How to handle a frog?

A

By washing your hands thoroughly before and after and if you have to wear gloves,
wear latex free and powder free (basically everything free as their skin absorbs
everything), or use a wet sponge or wet rag to hold the animal

145
Q

Penis prolaps is most common in which species?

A

Turtle and degu/chinchilla

146
Q

With a suspected shoulder injury what tests should you do?

A

Physical examination and x-ray

147
Q

Parameter of blood to measure regarding uricosis in birds?

A

Check for uric acid level in blood twice in fasted and dehydrated bird

148
Q

Which are the blood parameters of the ferret?

A

Venipuncture sites: V. cava cranialis, V. jugularis and V. Cephalica

Haematology (EDTA tube)
Clinical chemistry: (Li-heparin tube), AST, CK, ALT, GGT, bilirubin, amylase, glucose, urea, creatinin, Ca and P

149
Q

Which drug to maintain pain relief intra-opertive?

A

Fentanyl, Tiletamin, Ketamin, Medetomidine, Droperidol and Fluanison

150
Q

How to not sedate a reptile?

A

Put the reptiles in the refrigerator

Exotic (11 decks)

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