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Exotic > 2018 (2) > Flashcards

2018 (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What disease do you use metroindazole for in reptiles?

A

Entamoeba and ciliated infections

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2
Q

Which species should never get Ivermectin?

A

Turtles

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3
Q

The color of reptile skin depends on several factors, which factors?

A

Genetic, condition, season, age and reproduction status

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4
Q

Darker skin color may be due to what?

A

Stress, illness, physiological accomodation

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5
Q

In which animas is it physiological to have tattered sheeding?

A

Lizards, Boid snakes, gecko, chameleion, boa snakes

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6
Q

In which species is it pathological to have tattered sheeding?

A

Colubrid snakes

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7
Q

What types of dermatitits is found in reptiles?

A

Necrotic, ulcerative, ventral derma necrosis and nodular dermatitis

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8
Q

What are the symptoms of scale rot?

A

Brownish scales and abcesses

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9
Q

What are common neoplasms in reptiles?

A

Papillomatosis, carcinoma, melanoma

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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of vtiamin A hypovitaminosis?

A

Eyelids are swollen, hyper –and parakeratosis

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11
Q

What is a non-infectious cause of stomatitis?

A

Uric acid excretion

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12
Q

In what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles?

A

Under gravidity, after hibernation and before first shedding

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13
Q

Under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed?

A

Hibernation, gravidity, breeding season and before shedding

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14
Q

What are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles?

A

Dehydration

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15
Q

What is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia?

A

Rehydration by swimming in low lukewarm water

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16
Q

Common tumors in lung of toroises?

A

Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma

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17
Q

Common tumors in lungs of snakes?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

What is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles?

A

Overconditioning

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19
Q

What are the predisposing factors for pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Young female, big littler, no resting time and malnutrition

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20
Q

What is the treatment if you have suspected pregnancy toxaemia?

A

Warm fluid, energy support and shock therapy

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21
Q

What are the most common pathogens causing mastitis?

A

Pasteurella, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species, bordetella bronchiseptica

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of mastitis?

A

Swollen, warm and painful mammary glands

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23
Q

Therapy in case of suspected mastitis?

A

Antibiotic, NSAID, fluid therapy and hot packs

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24
Q

What is the most common mammary tumors?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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25
Q

Clinical findings in case of mammary tumor?

A

In-homogenous palpation, not swollen and not painful

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26
Q

What is the treatment of mammary gland tumor?

A

Mammectomy of OHE

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27
Q

In which animal is paraphimosis common?

A

Chincillas

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28
Q

Encephalotozoonosis is found in what species, and caused by what pathogen?

A

Found in rabbits, and caused by E. cuniculi

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29
Q

Where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled/excreated?

A

Urine

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30
Q

What is the infection route of encephalitozoon?

A

Per os or aerogenous

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31
Q

What are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infeciton?

A

Head tilt, behavioral changes, nystagmus, seizures, interstitial nephritis and renal
failure, PD/PU

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32
Q

Treament of Encephalitozoon infections?

A

Dexamethason, Chlroamphenicol, Oxibendazole, Diazepam

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33
Q

Is Encephalitozoon infections zoonotic?

A

yes

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34
Q

Lymphocytic choriomenigits, affects which species?

A

All rodents, especially mouse and hamsters

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35
Q

What are the 4 different forms of lymphocytic choriomenigitis and their clinical symptoms?

A

Cerebral from: Abnormal posture, tremor, tonic clonic seizures and death

Visceral form: Conjuctivitis, ascites and lethargy

Late form: 9-12 months after natal or prenatal infection, cause lethargy, ascites and proteinuria

Vestigial form: Abnormal development and death

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36
Q

What is the pathogen causing LCM?

A

Arenavirus

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37
Q

What are the clincal signs of trauma or stroke in rodents/rabbits?

A

Head tilt and CNS symptoms

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38
Q

What is the preferred treatment of stroke?

A

Glucocorticoids, B-vitamin supplement

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39
Q

What are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbit and rodents?

A

Bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea and warm body

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40
Q

Treatment when suspecting heat stroke?

A

Cooling of the body, shock treatment, diuretics and oxygen

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41
Q

Diabetis mellitus affects which species in particular?

A

Degus

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42
Q

Lymphoma is common in which species?

A

Commonly in guinea pigs and rabbits

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43
Q

Lymphoma in guinea pigs is caused by?

A

Retrovirus

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44
Q

What are the diseases which are related to obesity?

A

Pododermatitis, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint
problems and spinal problems

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45
Q

To which family does the ferret belong too?

A

Mustellidae

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46
Q

Which three ferret species do we have?

A

M. putenus, M. eversmannt and M. nigripes

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47
Q

What are the uses of ferrets?

A

Rodent control, hunting, pelt, biomedical reasearch, cable transport, sports and companion

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48
Q

What is the body weight of a ferret?

A

1,5-2 kg in males
0,6-1 kg in females

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49
Q

How long does the ferrets approximately live?

A

7-9 years

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50
Q

When is a ferret mature?

A

6-12 months

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51
Q

How long is the gestaing period of ferrets, and when are they weaned?

A

41-43 days of gestation, weaned after 6-8 weeks

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52
Q

What is the normal body temperature of the ferrets?

A

38-39,5 °C

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53
Q

What can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets?

A

Big dilating stomach, very short gastrointestinal tract, carnivorous, lots of prey and
gastrointestinal parasitism is rare

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54
Q

How can the diet help prevent or treat hypocalcuria?

A

More vegetables, grass/hay and fresh water, less seeds and timothy based pellets

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55
Q

Chronic renal failure is common at what age?

A

Old age

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56
Q

Ovarian cysts are common in which species, and at what age?

A

Guinea pigs after 1,5 year

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57
Q

How do you diagnose ovarian cysts?

A

Palpation, found behind the kidneys (round shape) and US

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58
Q

What is the treatment in case of ovarian cyst?

A

Ovarian hysterectomy

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59
Q

In which animals is endometritis and uterine tumors common?

A

Rabbits

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60
Q

Pyometra in rabbits is caused by which pathogens?

A

Pasturella multocida and Staphylococcus aureus

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61
Q

How do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits?

A

Spaying (under 2 years of age)

62
Q

Dystochia is common in which species?

A

Guinea pigs

63
Q

What is the cause of dystochia in guinea pigs?

A

Large foetuses, permanent fuse of the symphyisis and abnormal position of the foetus

64
Q

What is the treatment of dystochia?

A

Calcium and oxytocin, C-section, OHE and manual removal of foetus

65
Q

How do you prevent dystochia in guinea pigs?

A

Should not breed until minimum 6 months of age, separate males and females at 3-4
weeks of age

66
Q

When does symphyis fusion happens in guinea pigs?

A

1-1,5 years

67
Q

How long is the resting time in guinea pigs?

A

Minimum 1 month

68
Q

Pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which species?

A

Guinea pig, chinchillas and rabbits

69
Q

What is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia?

A

2 weeks of pregnancy and 1 week after delivery

70
Q

Which species are prone to vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?

A

Water snakes species

71
Q

What are the clinical symptoms of vitamin B1 hypovitaminosis?

A

Moving disorder

72
Q

What are the parts of the carpax?

A

Nuchale, Neuralia, Costalia, Marginalia

73
Q

What are the parts of the pasltrom?

A

Gularia, Humeralia, Pectoralia, Abdominalia, Femoralia, Analia

74
Q

What type of blood sampling tubes should be used to take blood sample in reptiles?

A

Li-heparin

75
Q

What may be the reason for tattered shedding?

A

Low humidity, high temperature, absence of rubbing material, absence of water and Ophionyssus natricis

76
Q

What are the clinical signs of tattered sheeding?

A

Old skin remains, nervousness and feed refusal

77
Q

What is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding?

A

Swimming water

78
Q

What may be the cause of failed shedding?

A

Too low or too high temperature

79
Q

What may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle?

A

Damage of skin, after surgery or bite, too high thyroxin levels and high temperature

80
Q

Which species are referred to as large agamas?

A

Iguana iguana (green iguana), bearded dragons and water agamas

81
Q

What may be the cause of rostral skin damage in large agamas?

A

Too small terrarium, too many adult males and bad environment

82
Q

What is the correct therapy for this disease?

A

Change of keeping and antibiotics

83
Q

What may be the cause if you see scarring of the skin?

A

Prey bite, fighting and fixing bite during copulation

84
Q

What may be the reason for generalized oedema in reptiles?

A

Heart or kidney failure

85
Q

What is another name for ventral dermal necrosis?

A

Scale rot

86
Q

How to prevent egg myiasis?

A

Clean hatchery

87
Q

Why does mycosis happen in eggs?

A

Inappropriate hatching medium

88
Q

What happens if you use peat (turf) as hatching medium?

A

No mildew

89
Q

What happens if you use peril as hatching medium?

A

Mould may occur

90
Q

How to treat mycosis in eggs?

A

Affeceted area should be dusted with carbon activates

91
Q

In which species does encephalitis occur?

A

Snakes

92
Q

What are the causative agents for encephalitis in snakes?

A

Paramyxovirus, systemic mycosis and tophus

93
Q

In which species is internal ear inflammation common?

A

Turtles

94
Q

What is internal ear inflammation caused by?

A

Bacterial infections

95
Q

What is the symptom of internal ear infection?

A

Lateral part of the head is enlarged

96
Q

How to treat internal ear inflammation?

A

Surgery and antibiotic injection

97
Q

When is it physiological to have opal/white discoloration of the eyes in snakes?

A

During shedding

98
Q

What is the causative agent, if you have chronic eye infections?

A

Mite infection

99
Q

What are the reasons for developing ceratopathy?

A

Post-hibernation certopathy, lipidosis and erosion

100
Q

What is the proposed therapy fro Entamoeba enteritis?

A

Metronidasole, 250 mg/kg, every 2nd day, 3x. High temperature, vitamin injections and
antibiotics

101
Q

How to prevent Entamoeba enteritis?

A

Separate carnivorous snakes and lizards from herbivorous tortoises

102
Q

What is the aetiology behind disciliasis of snakes?

A

Too low temperature under the digestion

103
Q

Causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis?

A

Bacteria

104
Q

Chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by which pathogen?

A

Mycobacterium, fungi and alga

105
Q

Nodular hepatitis is caused by which type of parasite?

A

Capillaria and Larvae migrans viscellaris

106
Q

What types of hepatitis are found in reptiles?

A

Acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation and nodular hepatitis

107
Q

What are the most common viruses causing hepatitis?

A

Iridovirus, herpesvirus and adenovirus

108
Q

Rhinitis and sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile species?

A

Terrestrial tortoises

109
Q

Causes for rhinitis and sinusitis?

A

Virus: herpersvirus and iridovirus
Allergic, non-infectious
Intestinal parasitosis
Fungi spore

110
Q

Clinical signs of sinusitis and rhinits?

A

Serous to purulent discharge

111
Q

Which snake types are sensitive to viral pneumonia?

A

Venomous and colubrid

112
Q

Causative agent for viral pneumonia in snakes?

A

Paramyxovirus

113
Q

What are the positions for x-ray in soft shelled turtles?

A

DV, LL and cranio-caudal

114
Q

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian?

A

Sub-carpaxial sinus, dorsal coccygeal vein and vena jugularis

115
Q

Which sites can be used for blood sampling in lizards?

A

Ventral coccygeal vein, heart and others like abdominal vein

116
Q

Which sites can be used for blood samplig in snakes?

A

Ventral coccygeal vein, heart and vena palatina

117
Q

What can be the consequence of too high humidity?

A

Dermatitis

118
Q

What can be the consequence of too low humidity?

A

Shedding problems

119
Q

Poxvirus dermatitis is common in which species?

A

Kaiman, Green iguana and Sceloporus species

120
Q

What are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatitis?

A

Small brownish papules, localisation

121
Q

What are the clinical signs of Ophionyssus natricis infection?

A

Anaemia and shedding problems

122
Q

What is the correct therapy if suspecting Ophionyssus natricis infections?

A

Ivermectin, Frontline

123
Q

Shell disease is most common in which type of chelonian?

A

More common in aqua chelonian than tortoise

124
Q

In what reptiles do you most commonly find stomatitis?

A

Snakes (venomous) and large lizards

125
Q

What are the most common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits?

A

Explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary-hyterectomy, exstripatio bulbi and
cystotomy

126
Q

What is the maintenance volume of Isoflurane?

A

2-2,5%

127
Q

What is the introduction volume of Isoflurane?

A

4-5%

128
Q

Dosages of painkillers intra and postoperative?

A

Butorphanol: 3 mg/kg,
Flunixin: 1-10 mg/kg,
Ketoprofen: 5-10 mg/kg

129
Q

What is the species causing intestinal coccidiosis in guinea pigs?

A

Eimeria caviae

130
Q

What are the clinical signs of intestinal coccidiosis of guinea pigs and rabbits, and what are the treatment?

A

Clinical signs: Bloody diaorrhea, weight loss

Treatment: Sulphonamides

131
Q

What are the causative agents for alopecia and puritis?

A

Husbandry problems

132
Q

What can be causative agents for dermatitis?

A

Fungi, bacterial, parasites and allergy

133
Q

Clinical signs of flea dermatitis?

A

Discomfort, pruritus, fur –and skin damage

134
Q

Clinical signs of lice dermatitis?

A

Pruritus and nervous animals

135
Q

Give an example of common mites which is causing dermatitits?

A

Gyropus ovalis, Chirodiscoides caviae, Trixacarus caviae

136
Q

Which animals have most commonly problems with their marking glands?

A

Hamsters and Gerbils

137
Q

Which animals get ateroma?

A

Guinea pigs

138
Q

What is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal?

A

Good quality commercial food, apples and good quality hay

139
Q

What may be the cause of malocclusion?

A

Teeth growing in the wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma and
malnutrition

140
Q

What may be the symptoms of malocclusion?

A

Anorexia, stop eating due to pain, increased salivation, causing moist dermatitis, injury
and ulceration

141
Q

During rabbit surgery, which one do you not put in?

A

Cerclage

142
Q

What is Rhabdias infection?

A

Rhabdias Hylae is a lungworm of toads and frogs that causes pneumonia (adults in the
lungs secrete eggs into the GI tract, coelomic tract and lymph spaces)

143
Q

What is the minimum weight a hedgehog can be accommodated?

A

<700g if adult, 450g if growing, and suckling 100-130g

144
Q

Age for breeding guinea pig?

A

Has to be 6 months and >650g

145
Q

What is ”Bumblefoot”?

A

Ulcerative pododermatitis (bacterial infection and inflammatory and reaction on the
feet of birds, rodents and rabbits)

146
Q

What is specific or sensitive to the liver?

A

AST sensitive, but not specific

147
Q

How to diagnose Encephalitozoon cuniculi?

A

Serology, anamnesis, x-ray and CT

148
Q

In case of dystocia in turtle, what should you not do?

A

Give paraffin oil per os

149
Q

Antibiotic suitable for Per os use in rodents?

A

Fluoroquinolons, Sulfonamids, Chloramphenicol and Metronidazol

150
Q

Infectious causes of kidney disease in birds?

A

Viral: Corona, birna, astro, entero

Bacterial: E.coli, staphylococcus, actinomyces, chlamydohili

Fungal: Aspergillus

Parasitic: Eimeria, sarcocystitis, cryptosporidium

Exotic (11 decks)

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