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Exotic > 2018 (3) > Flashcards

2018 (3) Flashcards

1
Q

What can you use to examing the teeth in rodents?

A

Vaginal speculum and otoscope

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2
Q

Which animals primarily get cheek pouch impaction?

A

Hamsters

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3
Q

How do you recognise cheek pouch impaction?

A

Hard, unhomogenously swelling of the cheek

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4
Q

Symptoms of zootrichobezoar?

A

Anorexia, unable to eat enough and weight loss

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5
Q

Treatment for zootrichobezoar?

A

Intensive fluid therapy, laxatives, GI-motility stimulators, enzyme extract or fresh
pineapple juice

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6
Q

Etiology of constipation?

A

Low exercise, causing atonia, malnutrition or lack of fresh water and abdominal mass

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7
Q

Which antibiotic may you give Per os without any complications?

A

Fluroquinolones, Sulphonamides, Chloramphenicol, Metronidazol

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8
Q

What is the treatment for Giardia infection?

A

Metronidazol and Fenbendazole

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9
Q

Mucoid enteritis is seen in which animal and what age groups?

A

Rabbits, between 7-14 weeks of age

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10
Q

Symptoms of mucoid eneritis includes?

A

Lethargy, anorexia, tympani, abdominal pain, mucoid like faeces, chronic and no
defecation

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11
Q

What is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritis?

A

Force feeding with baby food and fiber, probiotics, GI-motility stimulants, fresh pinapple
juice

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12
Q

What are the clinical forms of Pasteurellosis?

A

Upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, otitis interna and septicaemia

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13
Q

Which animal gets Pasteurellosis?

A

Rabbits

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14
Q

How do you diagnose Pasteurellosis in rabbits?

A

Clinical signs, x-ray of skull, abdominal and thorax, US and blood test

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15
Q

What do you use as treatment for Pasteurellosis?

A

Enrofloxacin (+ metronidazol) and treat for at least 3 weeks

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16
Q

Supportive treatment of Pasteurellosis may be?

A

Fluid therapy, force feeding and NSAIDs, mucolytics, nasal spray and eye drops

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17
Q

Can you vaccinate against Pasteurellosis?

A

no

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18
Q

What is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic disease, which age groups are susceptible?

A

Calicivirus, 4-5 weeks of age

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19
Q

Clinical signs of rabbit haemorrhagic disesase include?

A

Lethargy, fever, respiratory signs and sudden death

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20
Q

Can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease?

A

yes

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21
Q

How many serotypes are known which causes infectious disease of the birds brain?

A

PMV 1-9

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22
Q

In which birds can PMV-1 cause infection?

A

All birds

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23
Q

In which birds can PMV-2 cause infection?

A

Song birds, parrots and domestic species

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24
Q

In which birds can PMV-3 cause infection?
Song birds, parrots and domestic species

A

Song birds, parrots and domestic species

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25
Q

In which birds can PMV-4 cause infection?

A

Ducks, geese and domestic species

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26
Q

In which birds can PMV-5 cause infection?

A

Small parrots and lories

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27
Q

In which birds can PMV-6 cause infection?

A

Ducks, geese and turkey

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28
Q

In which birds can PMV-7 cause infection?

A

Pigeons and doves

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29
Q

In which birds can PMV-8 cause infection?

A

Ducks and geese

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30
Q

In which birds can PMV-9 cause infection?

A

Domestic duck

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31
Q

Which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection?

A

4,7,8 and 9

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32
Q

What is the causative of Newcastle disease in domestic and wild birds?

A

Paramyxovirus 1

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33
Q

Clinical symptoms of Newcastle disease?

A

Apathy, lethary, enteritis, ophistotonus in doves, due to encephalitis, respiratory signs in
song birds

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34
Q

Which viruses can cause infections of the brain, other than paramyxovirus?

A

Polyomavirus and West-Nile virus

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35
Q

What kind of inflammation can be seen in the brain in the case of pneumomycosis?

A

Granulomatous inflammation

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36
Q

Which birds are prone to botulism and during what season?

A

Exotic pheasants and ducks during the summer

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37
Q

What is the best treatment against botulism in birds?

A

Remove the sick birds from the water

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38
Q

Which disease causes changes in the lumbosacral pleaxus?

A

Marek’s disease

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39
Q

Which birds are sensitive to Marek’s diseases and what can be seen in the nerves?

A

Galliform birds, lymphoid cell infiltration in the nerves

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40
Q

Which pathogens cause changes in the eyelids, and what changes do they cause?

A

Paramyxovirus, chlamydophila psittatci and mycoplasma causes conjunctivitis followed
by discharge, poxvirus causes papules or knots, papillomavirus causes tumors

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41
Q

Which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in the joints of birds? And what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitits?

A

Mycoplasma, chlamydopila psittaci, salmonella, streptococcus and staphylococcus
Aseptic: uric acid deposits

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42
Q

Why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have?

A

They starve fast

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43
Q

Which ovary is present in birds?

A

Left

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44
Q

Which jugular vein is present in birds?

A

Right

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45
Q

What can you do if the birds lacks grit in the crop?

A

Add it to the food or directly into the crop

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46
Q

What is the DD of birds which have crop without grit?

A

Proventricular dilation disease, malabsorption, enteritis and megabacteriosis

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47
Q

Where should you examine a bird to find out if its obese?

A

Sternum

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48
Q

What can be the consequence of feeding only sunflower seeds to a
bird?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

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49
Q

How do you treat bumble foot?

A

Local antibiotic

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50
Q

Which mites are found on birds and where?

A

Knemidokoptes pila (beak), K. mutans (legs) and K. gallinae (feather shafts)

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51
Q

In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes pila?

A

Parrots

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52
Q

In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes jamaicaensis?

A

Canary and other finches

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53
Q

In which bird do you primarily find Knemidokoptes mutans?

A

On legs of domestic birds

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54
Q

What are the clinical signs of Knemidokoptes infection?

A

Inflammation, then hyper-parakeratosis and greyish white discoloration

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55
Q

What is the recommended therapy for Knemidokoptes infestation?

A

Ivermectin, Cydectin

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56
Q

What are the clinical signs of paramyxovirus or mycoplasma infection in pheasants?

A

Oversecretion of mucous, leads to suffocation

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57
Q

What are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds?

A

Poxvirus, candid, trichomonas

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58
Q

Which bacteria cause Megabacteriosus?

A

Macrorohabdus ornithogaster

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59
Q

Where can Megabacteriosis localise?

A

In the superficial proprial glands of the proventriculus

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60
Q

How to treat Megabacteriosis in birds?

A

Amphotericin B (per os), separation, drinking water should have a pH 6 and Lactobacillus supplement

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61
Q

Which birds are likely to suffer from proventricular dilation disease?

A

Larger parrot species (like ara, jaka, amazon and kakadu)

62
Q

The clinical signs of PDD?

A

Lethargy, loss of appetite, bad condition, change in faeces consistencey and suffocation

63
Q

Which birds are prone to Megabacteriosis?

A

Canaray birds, small and large parrot species

64
Q

Which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enteritis?

A

Small song birds and parrots

65
Q

What can be the cause for bleeding in the intestinal mucosa?

A

Mycotoxins, paramyxovirus and bird flu

66
Q

What are the clinical signs of necrotic enteritis, caused by Clostridium perfringens toxins in pheasants?

A

Lethargy and loss of appetite

67
Q

Where can tuberculosis be found in birds?

A

Pharynx, oesophagus, proventriculus, intestine, respiratory tract, bone marrow, CNS and
spleen

68
Q

Pathology seen in case of salmonella infection?

A

Enteritis, necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs, necrotic inflammation in testis
and follicular degeneration of ovaries

69
Q

Pathogen, clinical sign and diagnosis of coccidiosis
Eimeria species

A

Diarrhoea, sudden death and weight loss
Flotation technique for oocyst detection

70
Q

Which ascarid worms infect birds, and which birds are most likely to get infected?

A

Ascaridia gali and Ascaridia columbae
Parrots, doves, pheasants and patridges

71
Q

Which heterakis species infects birds, and which birds are most likely to get infected?

A

Heterakis gallinarum, dispar and isolonche
Pheasants, patridges and some geese

72
Q

What type of tumor may be seen in the cloaca of parrots?

A

Papilloma

73
Q

What are the causatives of inclusion body hepatitis?

A

Herpesvirus and adenovirus

74
Q

Infectious agent and susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis?

A

Picornaviridae in young ducks

75
Q

Clinical signs and prevention of duck viral hepatitis

A

Peracute: Sudden death

Acute: Acute liver dystrophy, tremors, moving problems and incoordination

Prevention: Vaccination

76
Q

Bacterial infections in parrots and doves?

A

Salmonella, Yersinia, Pasteurella, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas

77
Q

Bacterial infections in duck and geese?

A

Staphylococcus, Streptococcus and Erysipelas

78
Q

Cause and clinical signs of Psittacosis?

A

Clamydophila psittaci

Lethargy, apathy, decreased appetite, diarrhoea, weight loss and respiratory symptoms

79
Q

Therapy and prevention of Psittacosis?

A

Doxycyclin or enrofloaxcin, closed colonies and quarantine

80
Q

What would you feed a finch?

A

Quality formulated seed mix, soft food (like egg, cheese, carrots and bisque), insects
after hatching and fresh water

81
Q

What would you feed to a Psittacine?

A

Quality formulated pellet diet: pulses.
Tropical fruit, pigmented vegetables and vitamins

82
Q

What are the symptoms if a birds lacks grit?

A

Poor condition and undigested material in the faeces

83
Q

Why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird?

A

Creates fear and aggression

84
Q

What happens if you use louder voice to your bird?

A

It will imitate you

85
Q

Which muscle is used for IM drugs?

A

Pectoral muscles

86
Q

Where do you give SC injection in a bird?

A

In the femoral skin, on the back between the wings

87
Q

What do you need for general anaesthesia in a bird?

A

Isoflurane or sevoflurane, mask or endotracheal tube

88
Q

What is the aim of feather clipping?

A

Limit flying, not terminate

89
Q

What is the recommended method of feather clipping?

A

Clip the inner and outer permanent feathers, bilaterally, maximum 7,5 m flight capacity,
cut ends should be below the cover feathers

90
Q

Clinical signs for pox infection in birds?

A

Septicaemia, changes of mucous membrane and skin

91
Q

What is the preferred therapy and prevention of bird pox?

A

Use antibiotics to prevent 2nd bacterial infections, prevent pox infection by vaccination

92
Q

What types of birds are predisposed for bumble foot?

A

Predator birds

93
Q

Which type of bird should be handled extra carefully?

A

Pigeons

94
Q

Why is it so important to reduce the birds visit to the vet?

A

They are very sensitive to transportation

95
Q

Why is the bird x-ray always blurry?

A

They are always moving because of their breathing

96
Q

Which x-ray position is contra-indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea?

A

Laterolateral

97
Q

How do you determine the sex of the birds?

A

Endoscopy, DNA

98
Q

Why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens?

A

High oxygen, humidity and temperature

99
Q

Is US often used in birds?

A

No, because of the airsacs (except for egg retention)

100
Q

What are the methods for oral drug administration in birds?

A

Feeding tube with blunt

101
Q

Can IV catherters be used in birds?

A

Only in large species

102
Q

What is the indication for interosseous catheter placement?

A

Intra or postoperative fluid therapy

103
Q

Why are injectable anaesthetics not recommended in birds?

A

Difficult to control

104
Q

Do birds need small cages to feel safe?

A

No, minimum 3 x wing span

105
Q

Which species of birds are seed eaters?

A

Most Psittacins and Finches

106
Q

Which species of birds are fruit eaters?

A

Parrots

107
Q

Which birds are soft feed eaters?

A

Lories, Beo and Toucan

108
Q

Which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on the ovary?

A

Salmonella and other

109
Q

Which three infection routes are possible for infection of the oviduct during the egg laying season?

A

Ascending, descending and hematogenous

110
Q

Clinical symptoms of infectious disease of the oviduct?

A

Asymptomatic in the beginning, laying suddenly stops egg pesudoconcretion

111
Q

How can you treat infectious diseases of the oviduct, what about prognosis?

A

Antibiotic, remove nest and poor prognosis

112
Q

The causative of egg drop syndrome and in which birds is it more common?

A

Adenovirus in pheasants

113
Q

Clinical symptoms of egg drop syndrome?

A

Skin like egg shell and broken egg shell

114
Q

Which factors can have serious consequences around hatching?

A

During egg development: Vitamin and mineral insufficiency

During egg laying: Bad nest hygiene

During incubation: Humiditiy and temperature

115
Q

What can be consequence of improper conditions around hatching?

A

Chickens are hatched but with low vitality
Loud peeping
Disheveled feathers and swaging

116
Q

What is the causative and victims of Marble spleen disease?

A

Adenovirus, exotic pheasants and turkey

117
Q

What are the clinical sings of Marble spleen disease?

A

Soft faeces, lethary, loss of appetite and dyspnoea

118
Q

Which virus is likely to infect the bursa of Fabricii and what are the signs?

A

Circovirus: depletion of lymphoid tissue and inclusion bodies

119
Q

Which infectious disease of the bone marrow can be seen in birds?

A

Lymphoma, mycotoxicosis, tuberculosis

120
Q

What is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?

A

Bordetella bronchiseptica, streptococcus pneumoniae

121
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs?

A

Antibiotics and supportive treatment

122
Q

Respiratory disease in rats is a multifactorial disease, what are the factors?

A

Mycoplasma pulmonis, latent respiratory virus and high ammonia levels

123
Q

What are the symptoms of CRD in rats?

A

Weight loss, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, poor quality fur and porphyrine

124
Q

What is the treatment of CRD in rats?

A

Enrofloxacin, supportive treatment + flucocorticoids and optimal husbandry

125
Q

What are the bacteria causing bacterial respiratory disease in rats?

A

Streptococcus pneumonia and Cornybacterium kutscheri

126
Q

Non infectious respiratory diseases in rabbits and rodents includes?

A

Allergies and pulmonary tumor

127
Q

What is the most common pulmonary tumor in all species

A

Alveolar adenocarcinoma

128
Q

Which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation?

A

Rabbits and guinea pig

129
Q

Symptoms in case of urolithiasis?

A

Anorexia, abdominal pain, blood in urin and porphyrinurea

130
Q

How do you diagnose urolithiases?

A

X-ray, US and urine examination

131
Q

What is the treatment for urolithiasis?

A

Surgical removal of the stone, fluid therapy and pain control, antibiotic to prevent 2nd
cystitis

132
Q

What is hypercalcuria?

A

Not a uroliths, but rather amoprhous calcium sludge’s instead

133
Q

What are the signs of hypercalcuria?

A

Pasty urine, bleeding and 2nd inflammation of urinary tract

134
Q

What type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens?

A

Faecal samples

135
Q

Which animals are especially sensitive to E. coli infections?

A

Guinea pig, Hamser and Chinchillas

136
Q

What are the predisposing factors to E. coli infections?

A

Improper antibiotic use, stress and malnutrition

137
Q

What are the symptoms of E. coli infections?

A

Acute-subacute diarrhoea, salivation and tympani

138
Q

What are the causative agents of salmonelosis, and what animal are sensitive?

A

S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium

All rodents and rabbits

139
Q

What are predisposing factors for salmonellosis?

A

Stress, hypovitaminosis and malnutrition

140
Q

What is the causative agent of Tyzzer’s disease and which animal are sensitive?

A

Clostridium piliformis, gerbils

141
Q

What is the pathological picture of Tyzzer’s disease?

A

Necrosis in the liver and intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration

142
Q

Which animal is sensitive to Lawsonia intracellularis infections?

A

Hamster, rabbit and guinea pig

143
Q

What are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infection?

A

Anorexia, weight loss, yellowish diarrhoea and rectal prolapse

144
Q

What do you use to treat L. intracellularis infection?

A

Tetracycline, chloramphenicol and fluid therapy

145
Q

What is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs and what is the treatment?

A

Entamoeba caviae, metroindazol

146
Q

Which animals are sensitive to giardiosis?

A

Mouse, rat, hamster and chinchillas

147
Q

What is the most common fungi causing dermatitis?

A

Trichophyton mentagrophytes

148
Q

Which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis?

A

Staphylococcus, pasteurella

149
Q

What is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection?

A

Local treatment: myconazole, ketoconazole and natamycin, systemic itraconazole

150
Q

What is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasites?

A

Pyrethroids contact powder, Ivermectin

Exotic (11 decks)

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