2013 exam Flashcards
What are the four main features of attachment behaviour?
Secure base
Proximity
Separation anxiety
Referencing
What are two factors that contribute to the development of attachment?
quality of caregiver
child characteristics
family context
opportunity to establish a close relationship
How can quality of a caregiver contribute to the development of attachment?
post natal depression
goodness of fit with child’s temperament.
How can family context contribute to the development of attachment?
stress
family violence
How can child characteristics contribute to the development of attachment?
temperament
personality: introverted, extroverted
What is conformity?
conforming the norm/societal expectations
What is Ash’s experiment?
Asch:
conformity studies with participants placed in a group of actors.
Task was to judge the length of two lines – which one is longer.
Difference is obvious however, due to conformity participants often changed their original correct guess in order to fit in with the group.
What are the six factors which affect conformity?
- Informative influence
- Normative influence
- Personality (low self esteem)
- Culture (collectivist culture)
- Group size
- Dissention
How can dissention affect conformity (use Asch example)?
if another group member disagreed with consensus the participant was more likely to change their answer back to the correct guess
How can group size affect conformity (use Asch example)?
larger groups = conformity more common.
What are the 4x ways to retrieve memories?
Recall
Recognition
Reconstruction
Tip of the Tongue phenomenon
What 3x factors affect memory retrieval?
- Serial position
- Environmental context
- Stress and Anxiety
How can Serial position, Environmental context and Stress and Anxiety effect memory retrieval?
- Serial position – people more likely to remember first and last pieces of information.
- Environmental context can trigger memory –> environmental cues i.e. stimuli
- Stress and anxiety generally decrease memory capacity (stressed out px)
What is infantile amnesia?
lack of explicit memory
inability to remember events before age three.
What is the memory like for infancy to childhood?
Infancy (0 to 3): recognition, implicit memory predominates. Early childhood (3 to 6): episodic memory develops (explicit memory), recognition used. Middle childhood (6 to 10): start to use strategies e.g. mneumonics
What are the two major categories of mood disorders?
- Unipolar depression
2. Bipolar depression
What are the 3x causal theories for mood disorders?
- biological-environmental
- cognitive
- psychodynamic
What is unipolar depression?
long periods of low mood
social isolation, suicidal ideation, feelings of guilt and hopelessness, loss of interest in activities.
What is Bipolar depression?
episodes of mania along with depression.
What is the psychodynamic theory?
mental illness develops as a result of failure to resolve internal conflicts.
Associated with past trauma etc –> repressed emotions and ideas in the unconscious.
What are the three behaviours associated with autism?
Atypical eating,
less responsive to their name,
less eye contact and interactions with others.
What are tree behaviours associated with ADHD?
impulsivity
easily bored
short attention span
difficulty focusing.
What are three causes for autism or ADHD?
Causes for both disorders are relatively undefined.
Most explanations include interactions between genes and environment
-genetic mutations create predisposition
environmental factors cause expression.
What are three causes of non-adherence?
complexity of regime
side effects
health beliefs
What are six ways you can improve adherence to a treatment in adolescents with chronic illnesses?
- See young person alone and discuss confidentiality
- non-judgemental approach
- educate young person about his/her treatment
- give written instructions
- avoid jargon in oral and written instructions
- suggest reminders
What is Hilgard’s theory of hypnosis?
Highway hypnosis
there is a dissociation/split in our consciousness allowing us to focus on two concurrent events i.e. internal stimuli and road works/traffic signs etc.
What are three ways that health professionals use hypnosis?
- Anesthesia
- amnesia
- posthypnotic suggestions for behaviour change.
What are three benefits of meditation to health and wellbeing?
Meditation: series of practices that train attention
- increases relaxation,
- lessens anxiety,
- improves immune function,
- improves mental health.
What are three ways that stress can influence health?
Stress causes physiological and psychological reactions
e.g. increased blood pressure,
increased sense of worthlessness,
increased levels of cortisol
What are problem focused and emotion focused coping strategies?
Problem focused: focus on changing situation –> goals
Emotion focused: change emotional reaction.
What are 4x emotional responses to chronic illness?
- Denial
- Depression
- Anxiety
- Positive responses
What are features of the emotional response of denial to chronic illnesses?
if long term interferes with adherence
What are features of the emotional response of depression to chronic illnesses?
can be long term and all the symptoms involved and positive (near death experience, opportunity to improve relationships).
What are features of the emotional response of anxiety to chronic illnesses?
recurs
What is framing? and how does it relate to healthcare?
Framing is a way of presenting information e.g. gain (get something) or loss (lose something) framed.
e.g. if you do this you will reduce risk by 90% vs. if you do this you have a 10% chance of dying.
Influences health decisions and treatment uptake
How does framing impact breast cancer screening?
Breast screening advertising –> loss framed more effective than gain-framed message
especially for those who have average to higher levels of risk/percieved susceptibility
What is the operant conditioning model of pain behaviour? Give an example of an operant
conditioning response?
Operant conditioning includes reinforcement and punishment.
Pain is a form of positive punishment –> less likely to repeat behaviour
e.g. touching the hot stove.
What is the cognitive-behavioural model of pain behaviour? Give an example
of a cognitive behavioural response?
Cognitive-behavioral model: look at chronic pain sufferers–>chemo.
Appraisals and avoidant behaviour associated.
What are Gestalt’s five laws/ principles?
- Proximity (groups nearest elements and sees columns not rows)
- Similarity (group similar elements (x’s and o’s)
- Good continuation (see lines as continuous even when interrupted (heart and arrow)
- Closure (fills in the gaps as a whole experience(O)
- Common fate groups objects moving in the same direction
What are the 7 monocular cues?
- interposition
- linear perspective
- texture gradient
- shading
- aerial position
- familiar size
- relative size
What are the three types of perceptual constancy?
Size constancy (true size despite variations in size of retinal image) Shape constancy (different from each position, but still perceive as rectangle) Lightness constancy (tendency to perceive whiteness, greyness, blackness across changing levels of illumination)
Definition of sensation?
the stimulation of a SENSORY receptor that gives rise to neural impulse resulting in an EXPERIENCE OR AWARENESS of conditions inside or outside of body.
Definition of perception?
Process the ORGANISATION of the sensory image and the INTERPRETATION that it has produced in the external 3D world-sense, understanding, identify, label and prepare to respond
