2012 exam

Question 1

What are six techniques you could use to improve patient recall of the treatment plan?

Answer 1

1. Give the patient written instructions
2. use serial position (primacy and recency effects),
3. using repetition,
4. simplification,
5. stress key information
6. explicit categorisation.

Question 2

What are four aspects of people’s lives that could be affected by chronic illness?

Answer 2

Can change self concept/sense of identity: 
-body image, 
-goals, 
-social functioning ability to achieve. 
[physiological,
psychological and social] – 
-socially withdrawn, 
-side effects of medication.

Question 3

What are two different types of problem solving strategies?

Answer 3

Problem focused (change situational factors)
Emotion focused (change emotional response/regulation).

Question 4

What are three barrier to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 4

Barriers: functional fixedness, mental set (keep using old strategies in new situations – can’t teach a dog new tricks)
Imposing un-necessary constraints
Confirmation bias and distraction.

Question 5

What are four main patterns of attachment in childhood according to their responses to the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 5

Avoidant: as a baby – insecure and avoid care giver upon return to the room (20%). Jealous, emotional distance and lack of acceptance (as an adult).
Anxious/ambivalent: as a baby – insecure when care-giver leaves they get upset but, upon return they don’t care (10%).Jealousy (up and down)
Secure: upset when care-giver leaves but, comforted when they return and they resume playing (70%). Trust happiness and friendship as an adult.
Disorganised: mixture of avoidant and anxious (up and down).

Question 6

Why are attachment relationships important?

Answer 6

Important markers of adult life and personality characteristics. First important bond (for survival) – freud shows further relationships are based on initial bond.

Question 7

What are features of “avoidant” pattern of attachments in childhood, according to their responses to the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 7

as a baby – insecure and avoid care giver upon return to the room (20%).
Jealous, emotional distance and lack of acceptance (as an adult).

Question 8

What are features of “anxious/ambivalent” pattern of attachments in childhood, according to their responses to the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 8

as a baby – insecure when care-giver leaves they get upset but, upon return they don’t care (10%).
Jealousy (up and down)

Question 9

What are features of “secure” pattern of attachments in childhood, according to their responses to the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 9

upset when care-giver leaves but, comforted when they return and they resume playing (70%). Trust happiness and friendship as an adult.

Question 10

What are features of “disorganised” pattern of attachments in childhood, according to their responses to the strange situation paradigm?

Answer 10

mixture of avoidant and anxious (up and down).

Question 11

What affect does social support have on health?

Answer 11

[family, society, relationships and environment].
Socio-emotional – friend network.
Tangible: housing, money and informational – advice and personal feedback.

Question 12

What three factors which feed into intent in the theory of planned behaviour? How may Briefly discuss two ways that one of these factors may be used by health departments to persuade individuals to quit smoking?

Answer 12

Attitude towards behaviour
Subjective norms
Perceived behavioural control
(self-efficacy) = intention = behaviour.

Question 13

How may “Attitude towards behaviour” influence an individual’s decision to quit smoking?

Answer 13

Attitude influenced by past experiences at attempting to quit/do I need to do it/is it bad for my health?

Question 14

How may “Subjective norms” influence an individual’s decision to quit smoking?

Answer 14

Subjective norms – do my friends/family/partner smoke (normalised)

Question 15

How may “Perceived behavioural control” influence an individual’s decision to quit smoking?

Answer 15

perceived behavioural control (have I successfully quitted in the past).

Question 16

How can health departments improve their ability to persuade individuals to quit smoking?

Answer 16

1. Change subjective norms through health promotion – clinical level (GP gives advice)
   (Subjective norms – do my friends/family/partner smoke (normalised) )
2. Advertising to denormalise/de-cool.

Question 17

What are social roles?

Answer 17

socially defined patterns of behaviour specific to a context

-expectations as to how to behave

Question 18

What are social rules?

Answer 18

Guidelines of how to act

Question 19

What is the person-role merger?

Answer 19

When the person becomes the role

-Zimbardo

Question 20

What are the main features of the Zimbardo Stanford prison experiment?

Answer 20

Zimbardo – Stanford Prison Experiment
students assigned to guards and prisoners groups.
Experiment stopped after 6 days as many prisoners complained of depression, attempted suicide, fatigue etc – prisoners did explicit acts towards them.
Showed the role merger phenomenon.
Guards – bound prisoners, made them clean toilets with hands, beat them up etc.

Question 21

What are 4x possible causes of forgetting?

Answer 21

1. Failure to encode (forget names)
2. decay (memory fades),
   interference (retroactive and proactive),
3. retrieval failure
4. motivated forgetting (trauma).

Question 22

What are the strategies suggested by (Taylor, 2009) which can be used by health professionals to improve adherence?

Answer 22

Physicians:

1. Simple instructions which are also written,
2. listen and make patients repeat instructions,
3. call the patient to remind about missed appointments,
4. use of telehealth (phone and text reminders),
5. involve the spouse or partner (to aid adherence).
6. Include knowledge of patients lifestyle in treatment design.

Question 23

What are the 3x psychological therapies?

Answer 23

1. psychoanalysis,
2. behaviour therapy
3. cognitive behavioural therapy?

Question 24

What are features of the psychological therapy psychoanalysis?

Answer 24

patient free association (patient and psychologist not face to face, relaxed state for patient, just say anything).

Question 25

What are features of the psychological therapy Behaviour Therapy?

Answer 25

observation based.
Treat with a variety of techniques including: desensitisation, 
classical conditioning, 
contingency management 
positive and negative reinforcement.

Question 26

What are features of the psychological therapy Behaviour Therapy?

Answer 26

focus on antecedents and controlling consequences to change behaviour frequency
also focus on behaviour outcomes (reinforcement contingencies, classical and operant conditioning).
Change dysfunctional thought patterns.

Question 27

What is emotion regulation?

Answer 27

the process by which individual’s influence what emotions they have, when they have them and how they express them (suppression, avoidance, dissociation, smoking, drugs, sex – to regulate emotions).

Question 28

What are two emotion regulation strategies?

Answer 28

1. antecedent focused

2. response focused.

Question 29

How do Negative emotions impact health?

Answer 29

heart disease, cancer, diabetes, common cold (anger, anxiety depression).
Also linked to increase of health damaging behaviours (drugs, diet, alcohol, sex).

Question 30

How do Positive emotions impact health?

Answer 30

less mortality,
cancer survival times
reduced admission rates (happiness and pride).
–Law of positive effect (too positive – health damaging behaviours).

Question 31

What are three psycho physiological measures which are non-invasive? What information do we get from each measure and what equipment is necessary for the recordings?

Answer 31

MRI – create images of brain activity, MRI scanner.
EEG – measure brain activity, use electrodes, diagnose epilepsy and sleep disorders.
ECG – measure heart’s electrical activity, electrodes, look at heart attacks and other issues with the heart.