2011 exam

Question 1

What are three learning theories?

Answer 1

classical conditioning,

operant conditioning observational learning

Question 2

What is learning theory of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

the learning of a new association between two previously unrelated stimuli e.g. UCS, UCR.
A
stimulus predicts an event (CS) and we respond accordingly (CR).

Question 3

What is learning theory of operant conditioning?

Answer 3

Learning a new association between a behaviour and its consequences through re- enforcement and punishment (positive and negative).

Question 4

What is learning theory of observational learning?

Answer 4

attention, retention, reproduction, motivation (MODEL – watch others and do as they do).

Question 5

What are three common emotional responses patients experience in response to chronic illness?

Answer 5

Denial: good way of coping/resilience (on going may interfere with treatment and adherence)
Anxiety: focus on symptoms – people change their lifestyle.
Depression: affects long term functioning (symptoms –> rumination).

Question 6

What does the common emotional response of denial, that patients experience in response to chronic illness involve?

Answer 6

good way of coping/resilience (on going may interfere with treatment and adherence)

Question 7

What does the common emotional response of anxiety, that patients experience in response to chronic illness involve?

Answer 7

focus on symptoms – people change their lifestyle.

Question 8

What does the common emotional response of depression, that patients experience in response to chronic illness involve?

Answer 8

affects long term functioning (symptoms –> rumination).

Question 9

Research has shown that long term memory processes may change with age. Describe how implicit/procedural memory, semantic memory and episodic memory change later in adulthood and in over 65’s?

Answer 9

Procedural/implicit – stays the same – habits etc and do without thinking.
Episodic memory/explicit memory/declarative – declines !!!!
Semantic memory: facts/figures and general knowledge etc stays the same over adulthood and late adulthood (65) -

Question 10

What are the four terms in relation to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 10

Algorithms
availability heuristic
functional fixedness
confirmation bias

Question 11

What are algorithms in relation to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 11

use a trial and error approach (time consuming but, will eventually get to right answer)

Question 12

What are availability Heuristic in relation to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 12

mental shortcut based on ease of which information comes to mind. (fast but, not always right).

Question 13

What are availability Functional Fixedness in relation to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 13

see object as its common use

Question 14

What are availability Confirmation Bias in relation to problem solving and decision making?

Answer 14

look for what you want to see – prejudice in the media.

Question 15

What are some common barriers someone may face when trying to quit smoking?

Answer 15

Nicotine cravings
enjoyment of smoking
lack of appropriate cessation programmes
social group factors.

Question 16

Hans Selye (1974) developed the General Adaptation Syndrome – name and describe the three different stages of stress response in this model?

Answer 16

1. Alarm: your initial reaction to the event. The triggering of the stress response.
2. Resistance: the release of glucocorticoids e.g. cortisol. The body continues to endure stress and resist it.
3. Exhaustion: your internal reserves are depleted and you succumb to illness.

Question 17

Discuss the part emotions play in the following three pathways: direct links to health outcomes such as coronary heart disease + the influence of emotions on making health related decisions + negative and positive emotions and their relation to symptom sensitivity?

Answer 17

Persons self-autonomy is restricted.
Financial burden placed upon parents.
Feelings of guilt, anxiety and frustration by parents and depression.
Family therapy is needed to sort issues and adjustment difficulties (medications for children, parental time and attention – other siblings feel neglected).

Question 18

What is the Locus of control and give an example of why this is important to health behaviours?

Answer 18

Locus of control is your perception of control in your life i.e. can you control events occurring around you. This relates to health as if you have an internal locus (not external) you will have greater autonomy and see health behaviours as under your control = increased uptake of healthy behaviours.

Question 19

Describe four factors that research has found effect conformity?

Answer 19

Group size
dissention
personality
culture.