_Ruedo_ Almost entirely white wine Historically prod fortified 1970 Marques de Riscal winery Rioja \>\> local Verdejo var can make fresh fruit wine If vinified protectively, ferm in SS They invested in Rueda – catalyst for transformation in the region Var: Verdejo Drought tolerant, apple, peach fruit, herbal (fennel) note, slight bitter finish. m/m+ acid, malc SB is next most nb – can be blended with Verdejo or single var Growing env & grape growing Climate – continental – short hot summer, very cold winter, low rain. VY at 700 800m – cool nights …. Soil: Bedrock limestone, sandy clay sublayer then topsoil stones / sand. Free draining, low in org matter – reduces vigour New VY VSP trellised, for mech Harvest at night desirable – grapes picked cool, transported at coolest temp, Some old bush vines, some on sand pre-date Phylloxera acc for 10% of planting prod hi Q fruit _Winemaking & Styles_ Single var – 85% rule applies but 100% var common Inexp – protective, cool ferm, SS, bottled, early release. Cultured yeast – reliability, ability to promote fruity esters. a/G – Inexp Mid price wines – usually lees aged, (few m to 1 yr) often reg lees stirring – body, texture G quality Frequently the most exp Rueda (still mid price) ferm / matured in oak, brings body, texture and aromatic comp – toast and smoke. Malo C generally avoided in all styles to retain acid G/VG prem price Sign prod Ossian and Bodega Belondrade y Lurton DO Rueda cb used for blends that do not meet the requirements for var labelling Small prop of red / rose wine is also prod – mostly from Tempranillo (hi competition from neighbouring regions for this style)

20. Spain Flashcards by Jenni Beard

Describe the hierarchy of Spanish appelations and briefly their requirements

Spain Wine Laws

“Vino” – Wine with no geog indication.

PGI Wines

“VT” = Vino de la Tierra (VT) – 40 in Spain (Castilla-largest)

PDO wines

Denominacion de Origen Protegida (DOP)
Reg for each denomination set & controlled by specific Consejo Regulador e.g.
- Vineyard: max yields; permitted var; vy practices e.g. irrig;
- Winemaking: regulations (e.g. ageing reqmts)
- Packaging
- Bottling: specified for DOCa/DOCq and maj or DO’s
  - not for all e.g. La Mancha allows bulk shipping

PDO wines include the following:

DO: Denominacion de Origen

70 DOs >> vast maj of plantings >>of a certain min quality

DOCa or DOQ: Denominacion de Origen Calificada

DO established min 10 yrs
bottled at prod property
Various quality regul, incl taste assess by extern panel
Process to audit restrictions & regulations
Currently only 2 – Rioja and Priorat

VP: Vinos de Pago

Maj in Castilla-La Mancha; others Navarra, Valencia, Aragon
Small no > single estates> high reputation
Approved estates; vinify and mature only own grapes; on their estate
Not tb confused with Grandes Pagos de Espana of which only some are qual to label “Vino de Pago”.

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Describe Spains climate overall

Climate

At 36 – 43 N Spain considered warm
Country is high plateau
Lower ground > several major rivers along which wine growing regions are found.

N/NW (Rias Baixas)

Moderate, maritime climate (Atlantic weather systems)
Rainfall is high (esp a problem for Rias Baixas and fungal disease), thought the year

N/NE (Castilla y Leon to Catalunya)

Sheltered from Atlantic by mntns. > more continental

South and East Coast – Levante (Valencia)

Warm Mediterranean
Vineyards moderated by the influence of sea/altitude
warm dry summer, mild winter

Meseta Central (La Mancha)

Large plateau in centre of Spain
Cut off from sea influence by encircling mountains
Hot continental climate hot days mod by altitude, cool nights
Winter temps below freezing/ Summer temps very high
Rainfall limited

Mountains - key factor (alt) in ES

Muscat and Grenache – need warm sites to ripen - grown at lower altitudes.
PN, aromatic whites need cool > grown at alt

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Describe high level VY management in Spain

VY Management

largest plantings (~1mha) 3rd largest prod, (IT, FR).
- 5yr ave 39m hl pa – which is low – reasons:
Reflects nature of ES vy, - bush & low density (some 1000 v/ha)
- Lo dens pltgs reduces competition for water > climate/ low ann rain 300mm)
- Irrigation perm; some reg only for new pltg & extr drought; others perm only at start of grow season, not during ripening.
- Significant pltgs of old bush – incr recog as asset – provides good Q fruit. (max water to each vine + shade) Little desire to replant at higher dens.
Hazards
- Very little rain, but when it rains often heavy storm, hot after >> risk mildew.
- Spring frost in the areas with cont. climate.
- Many ext old vines in sandy soils, (unaffect > not regrafted after Phylloxera)
- Grapevine moth – pheromone traps
Many employ org practices, but few certify – market (int/dom) unwilling to pay the premium reqd to cover the cost of attain/retain cert.
Ave holding small.
- 66% <0.5ha; 22% 0.5 – 3 ha
- >> despite advances in tech understanding of vy mgt last decades, level of mech still low

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What 2 varieties dom Spain

Airen (W)

Mainly planted in centre > Castilla-La Mancha
Inexp neutral whites for early cons
Much prod distilled into Brandy de Jerez

Tempranillo (R, P)

Grown many areas – various names
Some inexp fruity reds
But leading comp in Spains most prsigious and exp wine > Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Toro.
Dom is recent, assoc with growth of ES wine in int mkts, esp assoc of Tempranillo with Rioja (cons leading wine region)
Mid-hi yields (dep on site) makes it pop with prod.
Limit yields >> conc structured wine
Early ripen – finest in warm clim with cool infl (alt / cool wind)
Single var, and blends differ across regions

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Besides Airen and Tempranillo, what are the other main varieites growin in Spain

Bobal (R & P)

Grown near coast, Valencia / Murcia

Garnacha Tinta (R & P wine)

Rioja, Navarra, Catalunya, Aragon.
Hi yield, late ripen (warm climate to ripen fully, aut rain)
Upright growth – good for bush
Prune short to contain vigour
Does well on dry, low-fert soil,
Drought resist, susc :coulure; PMD; BBR; Phomopsis; bact blight (kills the plant -cont by pruning tools)
Can accumm sugar quickly (good for vdn)
Adds red fruit, alc (lo tann, lo acid, lo col)
Note Garnacha Tintorera = Alicante Bouschet (diff var)

Macabeo (Viura in Rioja)

Most in Catalunya – still, early drinking, Cava spw
Main white in Rioja
Inexp neutral
Lead comp in prem priced wines ferm & mat in oak.

Monastrell / Mourvedre

Most Valencia, Murcia – suits warm Med clim.
Late bud, late ripe (warm clim to ripen, mb hot end of seaso)
Lo yield, req little but reg, water;
Susc mites, leafhopper, sour rot (dam fm bird/insect)
In the winery reductive o2!, typ oak aged
Hi col, hi tann, hi alc, blackberry, blueberry

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Describe in general winemaking techniques - RWP in ES

Winemaking in Spain

Inexp – mid price
- Youthful, fruity R, W, P makde protectively, often SS, temp control, use of inert gas, cultured yeast, fining and/or filtration
- young reds – carbonic / semi carbonic maceration to enhance fruity char
Prem R & W (mid price, higher)
- Some prod – SS , some concrete / eggs,
- increasingly amphorae for ferm & storage
- Oak maturation common (red)
- Whites unoaked & lees; or oak ferm and mature.
Ageing per legislation (see table)
Category

Generic – primary fruit flavours(SS) - No ageing

Crianza: primary fruit, some vanilla, toast (oak)

Riserva: pr fruit, secondoak, and tertiary also from ageing, dark chocolate#

Gran Riserva 5yrs ageing (18m wd)> terti dried fruit, and mushroom

Red** **(Rioja)

Ageing Barrel Bottle

24 6 (12)

36 12 6

60 18 (24)24

White/Rose

Ageing Barrel

18(24) 6

24 6

48 6

Rose
- Much inexp, sold in bulk; some VG at mid – prem price
- Better VY mgmt., harvesting has improved wmkg results in move away from hi alc, wine with over-ripe jammy flav.
- Classic rose = deep col, recently paler mimicking Provence, still many continue with deeper col, fruity rose made with long periods of skin contact.
- Most SS, bottled, early release
- Some (Bodegas Lopex de Heredia) make from mix of black with little white, macerated, pressed, fermented together. Matured in oak, sometimes long time, for (texture / complexity; secondary, tertiary flavours.

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Describe the markets / wine business in Spain

Wine Business

Small ave ha >> Co-Op very nb – some regions Negociant plays a role
If estate vinifies only own grapes >> small volumes
Largest business for still:
- J Garcia Carrion; Felix Solis Aventis; Pernod Ricard Groupe; Miguel Torres SA; Bodegas Martin Codax SA
- Many have wineries in several regions
Sales
- Handful of super-prem wines, even these sell lower than sim from FR / IT
- ES not fashionable in investment wine despite qual of best wines
Domestic 1/3 of wine ~ 10 mhl pa
- Recent trend drinking less cheaper styles, more higher qual wine with DO status
Export: 21mhl in 2018:
- FR 24%, DE17% >both inexp styles
- UK, USA, CN nb for higher end wine, esp USA hi val:vol ratio
- Volume – ES global largest exporter of which 56% bulk
- Value – ½ of IT and 1/5 of FR

“Food and Wines from Spain”

Promo body for ES
Increase awarenesss diversity + quality ES products
Information / education / promotional activieis
NB DO’s and VTs own Consejos Reguladores play own role in marketing region’s wines

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What sub regions are in Galicia

Highlight growing env and grape growing

Most common winemaking technique?

Rias Baixas is largest in Galicia

small holdings / 170 wineries, small – large
Co-Ops dom > modern winery equip > imp quality > inc pop

Sub Zones of Rias Baixas (one example is…)

Val do Salnes – Directly on coast > coolest, wettest >>hi acid wines

Business> 25% export – > USA; UK

Growing Env & Grape Growing

Climate Maritime– Atlantic moderates temps: summer warm, winter mild
Hi rain all year > fungal disease/rain at harvest >> vintage variation
Soil free draining (sand over granite bedrock)
Albarinho 95%
- Early-mid ripe, thick skin>> less rot & can fully ripen most years
- most single Var but blend ptnr: Loureira; Treixadura
Trellissing – pergola, often granite/stone support
- Originally allowed crops below
- Training high > air circ to red fungal dis
Larger co’s VSP to allow mech
Style m int apple,lemon, grapefruit, peach, sometimes floral; hi acid, m-/m body; m alc;
G/VG Inexp, some OS mid – prem price

Winemaking (Albarino)

Protective –.
Cold soak few hours > int fruit, texture
Cool ferment, SS fruit
Partial malo C to reduce acidity (butter not desired)
Inexp – release early
Better Q lees 1 – 2 yrs, or longer for body/texture
- Stirring avoided (may intro O2!!)
- Some prod ferm top wines in oak (small/new/partial) > toast + vanilla notes

Other Regions in Galicia

Valdeorras - most east and warmest (Godello - made in premium style, amb yeast >small oak age>complex+texture) “The puligny montrachet” of spain.
Ribera DO (Treixadura)
Ribeira Sacro DO (Black - Mencia) - area is more inland less maritime inf

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Desribe the Grow Env and Winemaking in Bierzo DO

Bierzo DO

slate slopes >> hi q wine
Similar clim to Galicia, further inland, warmer summer, cooler winter, adeq rain
Vintage variation – some years wet cool, others warm, dry
Mountains/hills 3 sides open to west – Atlantic infl.
flat plain, lower slopes fert loam > inexp hi yield wines (carb mac / no oak)
hillside to 850m , drainage, shallow slate > limits vigour.
- Alt > cool inf > di range>bla bla
- Steep >> bush vines common 80% >60yrs old (+ infert soil = low yield)
- Small plots – maj work manual

Var: 75% Mencia

Early-mid ripe, quickly loses acid/accumm sugar –hi alc if picked late
Style:
- flat areas > l/m body, fruity red cherry/raspberry, m+/h acid; m tann
- slopes > f body; hi tann, depends on growing conditions and wmkg
  - Must be 70% of blend, bal Alicante Bouschet (col + black berry fruit)
  - Alicante = 2% plantings – wine often 100% Mencia

Godello / other Galician white var also grown

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Describe Grow Env / Winemaking in Toro

Describe business

Toro DO

West of CyL River Duero (Douro of PT) runs through region

Var Tinta de Toro (cons tb related to Tempranillo – not conf.)

Thick skin > goo col & tann
Reds mb 75% Tinta de Toro; bal Garnacha
Rose from Tinta de Toro or Garnacha

White from Malvasia or Verdejo

Growing env & Grape growing

Climate – far inland – continental – hot summer, cold winter, low rain.
VY at 620 – 750m alt > diurnal range, cool nights – acidity – conc- ripen
Alt means risk spring frost
Rainfall low, irrig not permitted from June till post harvest.
VY plant at low density – (below 2700 v/ha) mostly bush
Soil : sandy, thus phylloxera not a prob, many vines not grafted, 1/5 are >50 yrs old some >100 yrs old
Warm growing season, int sun, low yields – prod wines
Int Ripe flavours blackberry, blueberry, deep col, f body, hi alc, hi tann, m+ or hi acid (cool nights)
Site selection nb, cooler for slower ripening higher in the west or choosing north facing
Caution – Consejo ermits max alc 15% abv for red, lower for W and P.

Winemaking

Inexp – mid price: carb maceration for fruit & extract less tann = approachable, easy drinking
A/G inexp – mid price
Premium : conc fruit balances flavours from hi prop new oak (US/FR wood mixed)

Sign producer Teso La Monja & Numanthia

Wine Law / Business

Long history.., hampered by location
As neighbour Ribera del Duero became pop investors looked next door
Last 20 yrs wineries inc 1998 – 20; today 50
96000 hl in 2016

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Describe Ribera del Douro DO

Ribera del Douro DO

Growing env Grape growing

Upper valley of Duero (Douro PT)
Cut off from maritime influence by ring of mountains
Climate – continental – short hot summer, very cold winter, low rain.
Vineyards on highest part of Meseta Central
VY 750 – 1000m > frost problem spring and autumn – limits grape time on the vine; causes serious loss of yield in some years
- Heaters, vine spraying with water, occ helicopters are used to combat
Low rain 400 – 600m – irrig permitted sometimes – NOT during ripening
Alt / aspects infl yields, balance and complexity (cool nights) e.g.:
- East higher, cooler. Many only grow Tempranillo (Tinto Fino here) or Tinta del Pais
- Flat & N-f most at risk for frost
Half vy planted bush, ¼ > 50yrs old, some over 100yrs
Newer vy trellised – quicker to establish.
Vast maj growers have <1 ha

Winemaking - R/W/P produced

White: a blend must have 75% Albillo Mayor –
Red (majority of prod) : blend must have 75% Tempranillos; bal CS; Mer; Malbec; Garnacha; Albillo. (white >freshness> seldom done) & maj 100% Tempranillo
Style: ripe blackberry, plum; vanilla, choc from (FR wood pop) oak; f body, hi alc,
G/ OS, mid – s-prem price
Some>Prem / super prem mature 50 – 100% new oak.
Trend> less extraction / less pfm / less new oak >> among qual prod.

Sign prod Vega Sicilia; Dominio de Pingus; Bodegas Aalto

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Describe Wine Law and the markets in Ribera del Douro

Wine Law / Business

Ageing cat of Crianza, Reserva and Gran REserva comm used
Crianza is by far most prod
Gran Reserva – rare
Majority labelled NO indic of ageing.

Sales

Between 600000 – 700 000 hl prod

2019 20% exported – CH, Mex; US; DE; CN

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Describe Ruedo DO

Ruedo

Almost entirely white wine
Historically prod fortified
1970 Marques de Riscal winery Rioja >> local Verdejo var can make fresh fruit wine
- If vinified protectively, ferm in SS
- They invested in Rueda – catalyst for transformation in the region

Var: Verdejo

Drought tolerant, apple, peach fruit, herbal (fennel) note, slight bitter finish. m/m+ acid, malc
SB is next most nb – can be blended with Verdejo or single var

Growing env & grape growing

Climate – continental – short hot summer, very cold winter, low rain.
VY at 700 800m – cool nights ….
Soil: Bedrock limestone, sandy clay sublayer then topsoil stones / sand.
Free draining, low in org matter – reduces vigour
New VY VSP trellised, for mech
Harvest at night desirable – grapes picked cool, transported at coolest temp,
Some old bush vines, some on sand pre-date Phylloxera acc for 10% of planting prod hi Q fruit

Winemaking & Styles

Single var – 85% rule applies but 100% var common
Inexp – protective, cool ferm, SS, bottled, early release.
- Cultured yeast – reliability, ability to promote fruity esters.
- a/G – Inexp
Mid price wines – usually lees aged, (few m to 1 yr) often reg lees stirring – body, texture
- G quality
Frequently the most exp Rueda (still mid price) ferm / matured in oak, brings body, texture and aromatic comp – toast and smoke.
Malo C generally avoided in all styles to retain acid
G/VG prem price

Sign prod Ossian and Bodega Belondrade y Lurton

DO Rueda cb used for blends that do not meet the requirements for var labelling
Small prop of red / rose wine is also prod – mostly from Tempranillo (hi competition from neighbouring regions for this style)

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Describe the wine business and markets for Ruedo DO wine

Ruedo

Wine Law / Business

Prod x 4 this century
Fruity crisp early drinking style tog with inexp price point – very pop dom and global
However comp is high. Rueda prod incr looking to prod wine of higher q with more char

Sales

7x 1997 – 2016 driven by demand in both dom and exp mkt
2018 prod 616 000 hl
12% export NL DE, USA, CH

60% is prod locally, sign prop wineries outside the region e.g. in Rioja, Ribera del Duero offer a Rueda as white wine in their portfolio.

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Describe grape growing/environment in Rioja

Growing Env & Grape growing

100km long, along the path of River Ebro > aspects / soils
Open valley along Ebra delivers Med Sea influence on east parts of Rioja
Rioja sandwiched
- Sierra de Cantabria (N) protects from worst Atlantic weather
- Sierra de la Demanda (S) protects from hot central Spain

3 Zones (also labelling terms)***

Rioja Alta – largest

South of R Ebro
Continental with maritime inf
Along Ebro - low alt, warm, alluvial soil
NW is cooler, with calcareous clay
S is at alt 700m, cool, wet, ferrous clay

Rioja Alavesa – Smallest

N of R Ebro
Cool, wet VY at 700m calcareous clay

Rioja Oriental (prev Rioja Baja. Baja= low so changed to avoid neg connot)

N & S of R Ebro
N, around R Ebro, low alt, warm driest in Rioja
S VY at 500-1000m at highest, temps as cool as R Alta, R Alavesa
Soil calcareous clay

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Describe Rioja Wine Law / Regulations

Draw a table of the ageing requirements

Wine Law / Regulations

Recently changed (2017 – 2018)
(Revolt by prod Artadi; and threat of new classification Vinos de Alava)
Consejo Regulador changed regs. Prod who meet new specs can label as folls:

Vino de Zona***

Grapes from single zone, named
85% rule, if bal on border, and 10yr consec sourcing
Vinific/bottling/ageing mb in the zone
Label may indicate zone of prod

Vino de Municipio

All grapes sourced from named municipality (village or group of villages)
85% rule, if bal from bordering Munic. and 10 yr consec source history
Vinific/bottling/ageing in Municip (stricter than Burgundy)
Label may state municip with option of zone of production

Vinedo Singular (single VY)

Grapes sourced, vinif, aged, bottled, stored on this VY.
Prod must have owned VY 10 yrs
VY must be min 35 yrs old
Max yields complied with
Hand harvest; sustainable vitic, some restrict on pruning in growing season
Traceability checks, aut of wine by tasting panel
Label may state municip/zdProd/VY or Estate and phase Vinedo Singular

The rules sit alongside the ageing reqmts **– oak vessels in Rioja ageing = 225l barriques

** overview page has table of Rioja ageing

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Describe market structure and marketing of Rioja Wines

Wine Business – Rioja

50% < 1ha; 75% <2ha
15000 growers, 40% sell to co-ops (who sell some, rest by merchants)
Top 10 prod ~ 40% sales
80% prod sell tiny amounts ~ 10% sales

Sales

Growth in Export > UK DE USA
- (most pop Riserva & Gran Reserva)
- White and rose demand growing
Rioja ave price/bottle higher than ES wine ave price; but low compared to France

Promotions/Marketing/Associations

Conseja Regulador focuses on marketing Rioja – Rioja tastings in foreign markets for trade/consumer/media
Rioja consitutes value for money, diversity

Producer groups “Bodegas Familiares de Rioja”~

40 prod promote wines under this heading, campaign on issues that affect small prod e.g. min stock holding

Rioja n Roll – 1st gen group – focus on q wines from part VY, promoting themselves and a diff perspective on Rioja

A group in Alava (Basque country) are leading a campaign to break away from La Rioja

Describe the varieties used in Rioja Doca wine and the red winemaking techniques

Tempranillo – 88% of black var

Hi yield, ripens in cool, high alt, clay soil
Dom var in Rioja wine
- Raspberry, black plum, m/m+ tann, m/m+ acid
- Made single var & blends

Garnacha – 8%

Suits warm, dry R Oriental
Ripe strawberry, m/l tann, f body

Graciano 2%

Late ripen, drought resist, small yield
Susc to fungal dis.
Cont h acid, hi tann, fresh black fruit to blend
Occasionally single var.

Mazuelo / Carinena / Carignan 2%

Buds late, ripens late, yield must be controlled for q fruit.
Susc PMD, grape moth. Mech harv diff – bunches firmly attached.
Cont hi acid, occasionally single var.

Maturana Tinta / Trousseau

Thick skin resists fungal dis,
Can mgt to control vigour, warm site to ripen
Susc to BBR, poor flowering, coulure
Contr purple col, h acid, fresh cranberry, blackberry flavours.

CS – allowed, but small plantings

Winemaking : Rioja Reds

Variety of styles, mostly blend
- Diff vy areas
- diff wm tech – esp extraction/maturation
Ageing reg have signif impacted styles of of Rioja in market
Regs led to standard brand
- young bottom, (inexp? low qual??)
- aged top (exp ?? high qual??)
- Also specification 225l barrique
- Weakness is only ageing is spec. VY and winery tech that add to Q not stipulated
- > 2 diff Gran Riservas – same ageing cb diff style, Q and price.

Two distinct Style-Camps of Rioja

Traditional, Tempranillo blends, long aged in American Oak, aromas dried fruit, mushroom, cured meat, vanilla, coconut
Modern: deep col, conc fruity reds -result of a new focus on the vineyard, including specific clonal studies, reduced yields, fermentation in small, separate lots and ageing in French oak. Often single-var Tempranillo released after a shorter time in barrel and bottle. Not only stylistically diff, also more financially attractive - quicker return on investment.
The majority of wines sit somewhere in the middle
***
Common trend
- – highlight q of grapes, by select of harvest date, extraction tech, size/age of maturing vessel, oak/concrete/amphorae, and shorter mat periods.
- Prod choose to label per reg and age acc or not
- French more com than US oak, some prod use only US oak, more use proportion US oak.
Due to structure of industry (many small growers, few wineries, large no co-ops)
- blending parcels from var vy to create a style is both a feature and a necessity for Rioja wine – (Garnacha best from R. Oriental, Temp best from R.Alta or Alavesa. ~ blend across region gives best wine
Some prod make single var, and a no. make single vy wine – newly permitted on label. Remains to be seen how the market responds.

Winemaking Rioja Rose

Small vol, some amongst highest q/most exp in Spain
Tempranillo / Garnacha

Describe the white varities mostly used in Rioja while wines and descibe winemaking and style

Var: White

Viura / Macabeo – 70% of W/6.5% tot Rioja

Late bud, late ripe
Susc to BBR, suits warm dry sites
Neutral – cb made in var of styles
- Hi yield > SS > simple white, early drinking
- Low yield > oak matured > conc, complex wine, long ageing pot

Tempranillo Blanca 2^nd highest

Mutation of Temp. permitted first 2004 plantings now 13% of white in Rioja
Lemon, grapefruit, pineapple, hi acid

Malvasia, Garnacha Blanca

Blending components for divers of flav
GB has hi acid; Usually oak matured, mid -prem price

Verdejo, SB

Single var, or lend aromas to Viura
Inexp, unoaked styles

Winemaking Rioja White

Much inexp, unoaked, easy drinking
- Protective wm tech > cool temps, SS
- Hi yield Viura cb neutral, m acid
- Verdejo, Temp Blanco, SB, in blend with Viura or single var – more int flav, acidity.
- A/G Q – Inexp – mid price
Mid – Prem price
- Mainly Viura, lo yield for conc + body
- Mb blend with Malvasia/Garn blanca for range of flavours
- Tends to be oaked
- Till recently many oxidatively aged
- Recently if oaked, still more balanced and fresh
- Subtle citrus fruit, smoky, nutty complexity (oak); m/m+ body and m/m+ acidity
- G/VG some OS
Classic oxidatively aged whites :
- Int, complex tert notes nuts, honey, dried fruits bal by acidity.
- Castillo Ygay – prod Marques de Murrieta
- Vina Tondona G Reserva – prod Lopez de Heredia
- OS q and S-prem price

Describe the growing env, varieties /styles from Navarra DO

Navarra DO (NE of Rioja)

Climate: varies:
Atlantic Ocean W; Med SeaE; Pyrenees (NE)
5 Subregions
in the north, cooler wetter (Atlantic
more inland warmer, drier, flatter

Varieties / Winemaking / Styles

Controversial point - wide range varieties
(debate: lots of varieities - not nec a good thing; Garnacha from old vine better than the recently selected Temp as primary grape)
Tempranillo (dominant plantings) made as single var or
blend with CS, MER
- fruity, light body early drinking
- conc, full body (crianza, Res, G. Res)
- fr oak if CS is included or US oak for Temperanilla

Garnacha

Some v old vines~hi q fruit
Styles
- Single var = red berry, m+ acid, light body from regions north (Baja M, Vald, T Est)
- OR f body, hi tann from Ribera B (south)

Rose :

deep col, dry, Garn or blend (Temp, CS, MER)
fruit from northern - cooler -alt/maritime)
3-4 hrs light/6-12 hrs (deep) maceration,
direct press not perm;
ferm SS; release early red berry fruit. (some ferm in barrel)
Many small growers > sell to co-ops

CH – principle white

Citrus, peach, m alc, m/m+ acid, oaked or not
Moscatel de Grano Menudo (MBaPG); SB; Viura; Malvasia also.

Debate – diverse var good/bad??

Describe the growing env, varieties in Aragon

4 Principal regions

Carinena; Campo de Borja; Calatayud – south of Navarra
Somontano NE border Catalunya, diff climate

Carinena; Campo de Borja; Calatayud – west

Climate: Inland ~ warm, continental, hot, dry summer low rain 450-500mm.
VY on high alt plateau/slope between 350 – 900m ~mod infl & hi diurnal range. (acid….slow ripen
Cold wind“cierzo” also mods temps and slows ripening.

Mostly Garnacha, old vine

Low rain + rocky free draining soil means bush vines at low density
Dry & wind = min disease. Alt ~ spring frost!! red yield
Holdings small, co-ops prod most

Style: Hi vol, inexp red,

mod temps, SS, early release; ripe red+black fruit, med tann,, hi alc, m/f body.

Small no prod q focussed

Old vind Garn fruit showcased
Even prem wine spends none or ltd time in large(500l) /old oak
Pron rasp + plum, spice (oak), m+ acid, m/m+ tann, hi alc
G/VG mid – prem price

Somontano DO

Foot of Pyrenees, vy at 350-650m; alt ~ diurnal range
Climate : warm continental, rain adeq; all year ;
Cold breeze off Pyrenees mod temps
Var- range
- CS, CH most, and a lot of Gewurztraminer
G/VG mid price.
Somontado largest producer in Aragon.
- Ext inv (local bank) created hi tech winery, largest in region now owned Gonzalez Byass & Barbadillo. “Vinas del Vero - nameof the co-op”

Describe growing env, var, zones of Penedes

Penedes DO

Growing Env & Grape growing

Climate : warm Med;
- 3 sub zones with diff clim influence – supports hi diversity of var
Varieities: White var 80%
- Xarel-lo; Macabeo; Parellada – Cava, SpW, Still, often blended
- CH – sizeable plantings
- Moscatel (Alexandria and MBaPG); SB; Gewurz, Riesling.
Black: MER most planted,
- Others CS, Temp, PN, Syrah, + +
3 zones
Penedes Maritim – between Sea, coastal hills
- Low alt, prox to sea, warm clim, no temp extremes
- Full bodied reds from late ripeners eg.- Monastrell
- Some white – Xarel-lo, Macabeo, Parellada – (inexp still)
Penedes Central – flat plain between coastal hills and inland mtns “Pre-Coastal Depression”
- VY still mod high compared to P Maritim (500m)
- Alt ~ cooling inf.
- Large plantings Xarel-lo; Macabeo, Parellada
- Also MER, CS, Temp, CH
Penedes Superior –
- alt 500-800m, inland mtns
- (between Montserrat and Montmel)
- Alt ~ cool infl & hi diurnal range, spring frost = !!
- Cool cond good for CH, SB; as well as Riesling and Gewurztraminer; PN – all ripen and retain acidity.
Rain 500mm, summer dry. Irrig only if vines are suffering permission from Consejo.
*Soils** loamy, calcareous components ~ water retained for ripening
Largest VY trellised for mech but still many with bush vines

Describe Winemaking in Penedes

Describe Business / Market in Penedes

Winemaking

Most modern, example of Miguel Torres
Temp controlled SS ~ Penedes known as source
Style
- Clean, arom whites, fruity early drink reds
- More exp eg mat in oak, usually FR
- G/VG , inexp – mid price, some prem.

Wine Law/Business

Penedes in last years intr precise zoning of VY area
10 sub-zones – geog + cultural parameters
Label may state sub zone cert specs met e.g.
- Grapes organic grown, grapes are 100% from sub-zone
Export: 30% DE, CA, CH; CN; USA
Domestic: 90% in Catalunya (Barcelona-tourists)

Desribe the grow env, grape grow in Priorat

Comment on move from DO to DOQ status

Growing Env & Grape Growing

Climate
- warm cont, sandwiched in prot mountains
  - Sierra de Montsant (N) prot from wind
  - Serra de Llaberia (S) prot from Med sea weather
- Hot summer, but hi diurnal range > cool nights and cold winters (frost!!)
- Rain mod 600mm mostly storms in winter & spring, summers dry
- Irrig perm in driest yrs, and to estab VYs.
- River Siurana gives range of alt & aspect
Topography rugged ~ about 11% of DOQ area planted
- Many VY on slopes “costers” ranging from 50 – 60 deg incline >>
  - terrraces (erosion), retain rainwater - reduce run.off
  - hand labour (cost)
Soils – vary, mostly poor + stony some clay.
- More common slate-based soil “licorella” are thin, rocky, lacking nutrients, char particles of mica reflecting light and heat onto vines
- Bedrock slate fractures vert – vines can root deep in search of water
- Low nutrient, low water > low yields more extreme in old vines
Vineyard>>New vy VSP trellised (if terrain allows)
- Max yield = 39hl/ha, can be as low as 5-6hl/ha (cost)
Varieties: most Black - Garnacha; Carenena
- Suit hot days and dry conditions, esp Carinena – gets warmest sites.
  CS, Syrah, MER make up rest
Pop of int var has fallen many prod use only Garn & Carin.
White : 6% of plantings : Garnacha Blanca, Macabeo

Long history (wm monks); recent int recogn

Topography/weather > accessibility diff
Phylloxera… skills move fm farm to city
1989 Rene Barbier & small group of vitculturalists imp VY; prod blends CS; Syrah; MER + local var, Garnacha & Carinena – oak age (FR 225l)
Int success; by 1990’s, sell prem, s-prem price
Priorat DO >> Priorat DOQ.
** Clos Mogador, Cls Dofi, Clos de L’Obac

Comment on Priorat Winemaking Comment on Specifical Classifications

**_Winemaking_** * Varies - trad with basket press & oak to modern, SS and optical sorting * Cultured yeast used for efficiency * (hi pot alc in fruit - ferm with amb yeast takes long time) * Reds mat in oak (oft FR) 1 -2 yrs * Q focus on fresh fruit char, acidity. * Climate means wines often 14.5%abv+ * but in g/OS hi alc bal by conc ripe (not jam) fruit; m+ acid giving freshness. **_Wine Law/Business_** * **4 classifications** based on * where grapes grown; * prod must own/rent VY for 7 yrs min, * each class has own spec for qty of Garnacha & Carinena in blend; * vine age & max yield * "old vine" : if VY 75yrs old, or planted bef 1945 * Vinya or Gran Vinya Classificada ~ involve critical recognition over min 5 yrs * **Vi de Vila** – Grapes- 1 of 12 subzones (label incl subzone and "Vi de Vila") * **Vi de Paratge** – grapes fm single paratge (= lieu dit) of which 459 in Priorat DOQ * **Vinya Classificada** – wine fm single VY of merit within a Paratje (= Cru) * **Gran Vinya Classificada** = single VY of high merit in a Paratje (Grand Cru)

Describe Montsant Include comment on Winemaking / Business

**Montsant DO** * Forms almost complete ring around Priorat **_Growing Env & Grape Growing_** * Maj VY in south – flat lower valley of R Ebro. * Some at 300 -700 ~ cooler * Climate: Wrm Med - close to the sea but some shelter from Serra de Llaberia * No extreme Temps summer or winter * Summers warm dry, most rain winter & spring. **Soils** fairly fertile, yields higher * south – clay, sand, patches of llicorella * North and east – limestone * VY easier to work – less extreme topog. * Some vy terraced, red erosion, retain water * Some trellised for mech, some still bush vines **Varieties**: 94% black, and 2/3 = Garn & Carinena * Sign plantings Tempranillo, Syrah, MER, CS * Many wines blends, single var from Garn or Carinena **_Winemaking_** * Typical wm – 1 -2 yrs in FR/USA barrel * **_Style_** depends on var/area/prod but in general: * Ripe, fruity f body, h alc, m+ acid, best from coolest sites * G/VG mid – prem some s-prem price. * Sign Prod: Espectacle; Celler de Capcanes * **Small qty white** from Garn Blanca, Macabeo **_Wine Law/Business_** * Small, 700 growers (2ha ave) 60 wineries, most co-ops. * **45% exported DE, USA, FR, CH, UK**

Describe Costers del Segre DO

**Costerd Del Segre DO** * N of Catalunya DO, consists of 7 subzones **Climate** : * Far from Med coast -cont climate, hot summer, cold winter * Low rain (400mm) * Vineyard sites (originally saline) were improved, irrigation installed * (Manuel **Raventos** = Codorniu owner) * 1978 First comm vintage (Raventos winery – Raimat) * 1989 DO established * Sites from 200 – 700m coolest at top for Cava, also white and black for still wine * **Soils** sandy, free draining, tog with low rain ~ irrig needed in most vy **Varieties**: (int & local) * Macabeo, Parellada, Xarel-lo most goes to Cava prod * CH, Garnacha Blanca, SB for whites * Garnacha, Temp, CS, MER for red / rose. **_Winemaking (R/W/P)_** * Single var cb found, blends more common * **_Style_** : fresh, fruity early drinking * Reds and CH may be oaked (US / FR), less new oak than before. * Mid price, some prem ex. **_Wine Law/Business_** * 4000ha of which Raimat owns 1/3 * **Region has own sustainability prog** – 40% of wineries ~70% prod vol is compliant Other sign prod Castell d'Encus

Describe the Valencia DO

**_Valencia DO_** largest DO in Valencia * Split – 2 areas and a **no. of subzones**, 500 000 hl/ann ``` **_Climate_**: warm Med & cool infl either from alt or from coastal breez Rainfall low (450mm), irrig widely used ``` **Alto Turia sub zone** * Foothills of Sistema Iberoco mountain range, upper valley River Turia. * At 700 – 1100m ~ coolest area, maj white wine **Varieties**: Moscatel de Alejandria; Merseguera (whites) * VP El Terrerazo – dry farmed Merseguera shows conc, texture esp if mat in oak **Valentino sub zone** * Alt 200 – 650m ~ warmer, mod by sea breeze **Varieties**: int & local var: * Garnacha Tintorera (Alicante Bouschet); Tempranillo, CS; Monastrell \> red and rose * Merseguera, Macabeo for white **Clariano sub zone** (south) – similar varieties **Moscatel sub-zone** focus is Moscatel de Valencia, **_Winemaking:_** * Vast maj prod by local co-ops in fruity style, immed consumption * A/G and inexp. * Smaller prods own VY or bought grapes * G/VG mid price

Describe all the small DO's around Valencia

**_Alicante_** close to Med sea, warm continental, cool breeze **hot summer, cold winter low rain** dom - **Monastrell**, late ripe, tolerates drought retains acid, OLD VINES low density plantings **Alicante DO wine** - 80% Monastrel (Mourvedre) bal - Alicante Bouschet, Garnacha **_Jumilla and Yecla_** mediterranean influence, hot, dry, low rain diurnal range from altitude up to 900m limestone soils (thus irrigation not needed) + OLD VINES dom - **Monastrell** **For above - the wines _Style_: ripe blackberry, cherry fruit, spice (oak), m+ acid, hi alc, f body.** * Some rose wines from Monastrell, small prop White

Describe Castilla La Mancha - La Mancha DO

**_La Mancha DO_** * 158 000 ha – **largest DO in Spain, largest PDO in Europe**. * On the meseta 500 – 700m **_Climate_** cont, x hot summer **~45 C, winters x cold ~-20** C * Rainfall **low** 300 – 400mm * **Limestone and chalk in soil** – helps retain, drip irrig common approx. 40% vy irrigated * **Low density** (1000/ha) planting – b**ush if non irri**g. * Trellised vy (3000/ha) if irrig * **_Varieties_** * Most W = Airen 90 000ha – most for brandy * **Style**: neutral grape SS ferm, low int , m acid white early cons * **Most B = Tempranillo (Cencibel)**; * **Style** : fruity, short contact oak, however Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva still avail. * **15000 growers, 250 winerie**s * **C**o-ops – most prod e.g. Virgen de las Vinas in Tomelloso (2000 members, 20 000 ha) * Wine sold bulk/bottle * 40% exported -CN; DE; RU; NL **_Valdepenas DO_** * Climated : continental, hot dry summer * Known for reds from Cencibel (Temp) * Style: ripe red fruit, l tann, m acid, spice (oak) * G , inexp mid price **_Vino de Pago_** * Castilla-La Mancha home to 9 of Spains 18 Vinos de Pago (PG) * Well known: Domino de Valdepusa – prod wine from CS, Syrah, Petit Verdot. **_Castilla VT_** Vino de la Tierra – vast area of this region Encompanses both La Mancha DO and Valdepenas DO and others, inexp wines, range of local and int varieties

Whilst others are used what are the 2 grapes commonly used in Priorat?

Old vine Garnacha, old vine Carineña.

What is the minimum ageing for Gran Reserva wines in Rioja - In oak / in bottle / in total.

60 months (5 years) total min. 24m in barrel min. 24m in bottle

What is the soil in Priorat called, what is its make up and what does it do?

Llicorella Black slate with small particles of Quartzite / Mica which reflects heat in to the vines, conserves heat over night and helps retain water

What is the minimum ageing for Red Reserva wines in Rioja total - In oak - in bottle

36 months total min. 12 months in barrel min. 6 months in bottle

Which body of water most influences Rioja?

The Ebro River

What is the minimum ageing for Red Reserva wines in Spain (general) total - In oak - in bottle

36m 12m in barrel no requirement for bottle-aging

What is the Meseta Central and what is the climate like?

A huge plateau, in the centre of Spain, cut off from maritime influence due to being encircled by mountains. It has a hot continental climate with low rainfall. Extreme highs and lows: Below freezing temps are common in Winter. In Summer temps can be moderated by the cool nights of altitude sites.

Which international black grapes are grown in Spain alongside native varietals?

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, Petit Verdot, some Pinot Noir.

Why would you use some Graciano making Rioja?

Use a small % in the finest wines to add concentrated black fruit flavours, acidity and tannins. deep red color, strong aroma and agibility.

What is the minimum ageing for Red Crianza wines in Rioja and Ribera del Duero total - In oak - in bottle What is the 1 difference for Spain (general)

24 months total min. 12m in barrel no bottle-aging requirements. Spain (general): 6 months in barrel.

What is the minimum ageing for Gran Reserva wines in Spain (general) - In oak / in bottle / in total.

60 months (5 years) total min. 18 months in barrel no bottle aging requirement

What is the minimum ageing for Gran Reserva wines in Ribera del Duero - In oak / in bottle / in total.

60 months (5 years) total min. 2 years in barrel min. 3 years in bottle