20 marker - Civil War Flashcards
what were the main factors that led to Parliaments victory in the ECW
- parliament strengths = Royalist weakness
- London
- Solemn League
- Leadership
- Recruitment
- NMA
- resources
- neutralism
what were Parliaments strengths
- London
- NMA
- recruitment capabilities
- providence
- finance
- Solemn League
why was London advantageous
- 80% of factories
- majority of the population
- access to trained bands
- Royal Navy
- Morale boost
- Finance
- communication - printing presses
how was London economically advantageous
- borrow from main banks
- customs duties - port
- workshops / factories
- easier to tax
- Sussex iron foundries
why was the NMA advantageous
- better leadership
- providence
- NMA well equipped
- United the army - organised
- unparalleled skill
when was the NMA created
1645
what ordinance created the NMA
self-denying ordinance
what was the self-denying ordinance
a bill that said that no MP was able to lead the army - no Cromwell - meant leadership fell under Fairfax - well organised and easier to control and manouvre - improved upon Essex and Manchester’s unwillingness
How many men were in the NMA
10 cavalry regiments (600 each)
12 infantry regiments (1200 each)
1000 dragoons
What made the NMA different from the Cavaliers
Better organised and lacked nepotism
motivated by providence
Initially was Parliaments recruitment good
they managed to make up an army of loyal gentry members.
trained bands from London
most of the army were loyal
no cavalry
What was the Solemn League
an alliance with the Scottish Covenant
when was the Solemn League agreed upon
1643
why was the Solemn League signed
Rupert made gains in Bristol and Royalists had strongholds in Gloucester - pincer move on London near. Parliament feared they needed aid.
who organised the Solemn League
John Pym
what were the two main terms of the alliance
- Scottish Forces aid the Parliamentarians
- Parliament impose Presbyterianism as a state religion in England
what were the main issues with the alliance
Presbyterianism - split Parliament - also army was increasingly sectarian and independent especially under Cromwell (NMA)
What battle proved the Solemn League was a success
Marston Moor (1644)
Marston Moor (1644)
Royalists = 18,000
Parliament combined force = 28,000
Parliament victory - decimated Royalists
crushing defeat near - prevented Rupert from relieving the siege of York.
What were the Royalists main disadvantages
- recourses
- Leadership
- support
- Oxford
How did the Royalists lack recourses
- lack of London
- lacked main financial aid
- managed to get financial aid from landed gentry- Newcastle - Worcester
what was Royalist leadership like
- clear moral advantage - King
- however generals promoted due to nepotism
- not on skill but titles
- some divisions
what was Royalist support like
there was a lot of support for the Royalist cause - however they were all scattered across the country - unable to raise troops.
some supporters unwilling to fight
what role did Oxford play
the main headquarters for the Royalist cause from 1642
insufficient compared to London
town was too full - poor sanitation - plague
what role did neutralism play
- clubmen - disruptive
- Cheshire / Staffordshire demilitarised counties
- peace petitions flooded Parliament
- King was constantly pestered to reach a settlement (oxford negotiations 1643)
Important battles
Edgehill
Marston Moor
Naseby
Newbury
Bristol
Hopton Heath
Edgehill (+ importance)
Edgehill 1642
looted instead of heading to London - fortified
would of been decisive
poor leadership
unorganised
Marston Moor (+importance)
Marston Moor 1644
largest battle
Essex / Manchester weak - indecisive - replaced by Fairfax and Cromwell
alliance with Scotland - outnumbered
Naseby (+importance)
Naseby 1645
massive victory - practically won the war
better NMA cavalry
better providence
Newbury (+importance)
1st = 1643
indecisive
2nd = 1644
indecisive - Parliament needed a reformed army
E/M unwilling = ordinances passed
Siege of Bristol
1643
key port in Royalist hands - needed a port - lost London - success - in London’s hands until 1645
