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BACTERIOLOGY > 20 – Francisella and Brucella > Flashcards

20 – Francisella and Brucella Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial characteristics

A
  • Small gram-negative cocco-bacilli
  • Biocontainment level 3
  • All are intracellular parasites
  • Found in a wide variety of animal species
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2
Q

Francisella microbial characteristics

A
  • Obligate aerobe
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3
Q

Brucella microbial characteristics

A
  • Aerobic, capnophilic
  • Composed to 2 chromosomes
  • Stained with modified Ziehl-Neelson stain=BRIGHT RED COCCO-BACILLI IN CLUSTERS
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4
Q

Francisella tularensis: natural host or habitat

A
  • Found in primarily northern countries
  • ONE FOUND IN RODENTS
    o NA principal reservoir=cottontail rabbit, wild hares and beavers/squirrels
    o But also other species
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5
Q

Brucella spp. natural host or habitat

A
  • Host associated
  • Syria has highest incidence globally
  • Guatemala and Costa Rica highest in Americas
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6
Q

Francisella tularensis: virulence factors

A
  • Mystery
  • Intracellular pathogen: macrophages, escapes phagosome then replicates in cytosol
  • Encapsulated
  • No IDed exotoxins
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7
Q

Brucella spp. virulence factors

A
  • Lack classical VFs
  • Doesn’t have genes associated with HORTIZONTAL gene transfer
  • LPS O-chain
  • Cyclic beta-1,2 glucan: prevents fusion with lysosomes
  • VirB and type IV secretions systems: prevents lysosome function
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8
Q

Francisella tularensis: Tularemia

A
  • very low infectious disease
  • endosymbionts of ticks!
  • *incubation period ~48hr following oral exposure
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9
Q

Tularemia is spread by

A
  • ticks (dermacentors, and A. Americanum) and deer flies
    o vertical transmission occurs in ticks
  • direct contact with infected animal
  • ingestion of contaminated water
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10
Q

Tularemia infected dogs and cats can be treated with antimicrobials

A
  • Streptomycin=treatment of choice in people
  • Use of similar drugs likely useful in companion animals
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11
Q

Tularemia susceptibility varies

A
  • Cattle, pigs, and goats seem LEAST susceptible
  • CATS ARE QUITE SUSCEPTIBLE
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12
Q

Tularemia in dogs

A
  • Anorexia, low grade fever
  • Ocular signs (uveitis and conjunctivitis)
  • Sudden death reported following sniffing a dead infected rabbit
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13
Q

Tularemia in cats

A
  • Fever, depression, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly
  • Oral or lingual ulceration (ingestion of infected rabbit)
  • Abscessation
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14
Q

Tularemia in people: incubation period

A
  • 2 days to 3 weeks
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15
Q

Tularemia in people: form of disease depends on route of infection

A
  • Ulceroglandular tularemia=most common
  • Glandular tularemia=next most common
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16
Q

Tularemia in people: ulceroglandular tularemia

A
  • Ulcerated skin lesions at site of inoculation (bite or scratch)
  • Acute onset fever, chills, headache, sore through and sometimes diarrhea
  • Lymph nodes may SUPPURATE and require drainage
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17
Q

Tularemia in people: glandular tularemia

A
  • Lymphadenopathy w/o obvious skin lesions
  • Lymph nodes may SUPPURATE and require drainage
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18
Q

Which people are at greatest risk of Tularemia?

A
  • Hunters
  • Large animals vets and farmers
  • *only about 5 per year
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19
Q

What has pneumonic tularemia in people been associated with?

A
  • Gardening/landscaping work
  • *don’t run over dead animals with lawn mower=may aerosolize something nasty
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20
Q

B. abortus in cattle

A
  • NOT in Canada
  • Still present in BISON
  • *disease are of the reproductive system
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21
Q

B. abortus in cattle: disease are of the reproductive system

A
  • Affinity for ruminant placenta: abortions
  • In bulls: orchitis and epididymitis
  • May see synovitis (hygromas)
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22
Q

When is transmission of B. abortus in cattle the highest?

A
  • After parturition
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23
Q

How does infection of B. abortus in cattle occur?

A
  • Ingestion
  • Penetration of skin or intact conjunctiva
  • Semen from infected bulls used in AI
24
Q

What is a risk of getting B. abortus in cattle?

A
  • Grazing on contaminated pastures
    o Can survive 1-3 months in environment
25
Q

Treatment of B. abortus in cattle

A
  • Canada: call CFIA=stamp out
  • Elsewhere: difficult to treat as it is intracellular
26
Q

B. melitensis in goats and sheeps

A
  • Never reported in Canada
  • Primarily in Mediterranean region
27
Q

What is the most obvious sign of B. melitensis in goats and sheep?

A
  • Abortion in late pregnancy
    o Organism ‘hides out’ in lymph nodes associated with mammary glands
    o Can shed in milk for years=WHY WE PASTEURIZE
28
Q

Transmission of B. melitensis in goats and sheeps through contact with

A
  • Placenta
  • Milk
  • Vaginal discharge
29
Q

B. melitensis in people

A
  • “malta Fever”
    o The guy realized it was coming from goats milk
30
Q

Treatment of B. melitensis in goats and sheep

A
  • In Canada=call CFIA-stamp out
31
Q

Control of B. melitensis in goats and sheep

A
  • Hygiene: clean up after lambing/kidding
  • Vaccination: prevent infections when exposed
32
Q

Why a drop in Brucella spp. in humans?

A
  • ILLEGAL TO SELL UNPASTEURIZED MILKE
  • Now only 5-15 cases
33
Q

B. suis in pigs

A
  • Never reported in Canada
  • Reproductive disease
  • Similar clinical signs can be caused by B. abortus or B. melitensis
34
Q

B suis in pigs is a reproductive disease: sows

A
  • Infertility
  • Abortions
  • Possibly fetal mummifications
35
Q

B. suis in pigs is a reproductive disease: boars

A
  • Orchitis
  • Swelling and necrosis of testicles
  • Lameness
  • Arthritis
  • Discospondylitis
36
Q

How does transmission of B. suis in pigs occur?

A
  • Introduction of infected animals into the herd
  • AI contaminated semen
  • *wildlife can maintain the organisms (rats and hare)
37
Q

How does CFIA work to keep Canada domestic herd Brucella free?

A
  • Import controls
  • Surveillance
  • Investigate suspect cases
  • Depopulation
  • Decontaminate
  • Post-stocking testing
38
Q

What are the 2 possible reservoirs in Canada for Brucella?

A
  • B. abortus in bison (Wood Buffalo National Park)
  • Rangiferine brucellosis (B. suis) in arctic caribou
39
Q

B. canis in dogs

A
  • Is in Canada
  • Increasingly seen due to importation of rescue dogs
40
Q

B. canis in dogs: presentations

A
  • Bitches abort dead fetuses
    o Suspect if occurs 2 weeks before term
  • *uncastrated males are more commonly IDed
    o Present with HUGE testicles
    o Not usually painful
    o Secondary dermatitis form licking
  • Osteomyelitis and discospondylitis also occur
  • Uveitis and ocular disease in chronic infections
41
Q

B. canis in dogs: transmission

A
  • Shed ruing estrus
  • High numbers of organisms in aborted pups
  • Seminal fluid and urine from infected males
    o *intermittent shedding reported for up to 2 years
42
Q

B. canis in dogs: treatment

A
  • Intracellular organism=tricky
  • No treatment is 100%
    o Multiple antimicrobial regimens
  • Males=neutered and given antimicrobials
  • DO NOT ASSUME CURE
  • *do NOT breed positive animals
43
Q

B. inopinata in frogs

A
  • Recently recognized species
  • Excoriations and granulomatous inflammation was seen in thighs and abdomen
44
Q

Sample collection

A
  • Handled with CAUTION
    o Double gloving
    o Respiratory protection
    o Re-capping needles=ABSOLUTE NO-NO
45
Q

Francisella sample collection

A
  • Swab ulcers or wounds
  • Store in Aimes media with charcoal
  • Send tissues to lab for freezing
  • Blood for serology
46
Q

Brucella spp sample collection

A
  • Abortion: whole fetus
  • Orchitis: ejaculate, tissues
  • Lymph nodes
  • Milk
  • Aspirates, swaps
47
Q

Lab ID

A
  • Make sure to tell the lab=HIGH RISK
48
Q

Lab ID: Francisella

A
  • Culture
  • Cytological evaluation of smears from lesions
  • Immunohistochemistry of formalin fixed tissues
  • Serology
  • PCR
  • *patient history important to select for tests
49
Q

Lab ID: Brucella

A
  • Serological tests (most common)
  • Culture (gold standard)
  • PCR
  • variety of agglutination tests
  • *there are FALSE reactors due to cross-reactivity of antibodies to other organisms (ex. Yersinia entercolitica)
50
Q

Brucella infections in people can be challenging to diagnose

A
  • Long incubation period (1 week to 3 months)
  • Wide spectrum of presentations: often chronic, non-specific disease
  • Foci of infection and suppuration in joints or viscera
51
Q

Wide spectrum of presentations of Brucella infections in people

A
  • Fevers, chills, malaise, severe headache
  • Cutaneous/vascular diseases; marcopapular rashes or deep vascular thrombosis
  • *undulant fever is a classical sign
52
Q

Undulant fever is a classical sign of Brucella infections in people

A
  • Waxing and waning fever
    o 2-3 weeks of fever at night
    o Followed by period of normothermia and feeling good
    o Cycle repeats
53
Q

Zoonotic/interspecies transmission

A
  • Estimated 500,000 cases/year
  • *most commonly associated with unpasteurized dairy products (B. melitensis and abortus)
  • *beware when travelling
    o Dairy products and undercooked meat
54
Q

B. canis: zoonotic

A
  • Lower risk of transmission compared to B. abortus, meletensis or suis
  • At risk= vets in contact with abortuses and lab workers
55
Q

What is the most common Lab acquired infection?

A
  • Brucella
56
Q

What can B. abortus, melitensis and suis have the potential for? (bad)

A
  • Biological weapons
57
Q

Brucella can be successfully treated

A
  • Prolonged antimicrobial therapy
  • Oral tetracycline for 6 weeks, followed by daily IM injections of streptomycin for 2-3 weeks

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