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BACTERIOLOGY > 17 – Pseudomonas and Non-Fermenters > Flashcards

17 – Pseudomonas and Non-Fermenters Flashcards

1
Q

Microbial characteristics

A
  • Biocontainment levels 1-3
  • Gram negative rods to cocco-bacillus
  • *famous for intrinsic drug resistance
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2
Q

P. aeruginosa on blood agar

A
  • Characteristic smell=fruity/floral (grapes)
  • Wet-corn tortilla
  • *metallic sheen
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3
Q

P. aeruginosa on Mueller-Hinton agar

A
  • Blue-green pigments
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4
Q

Stenotrophomonas maltophila on blood agar

A
  • Foul smelling, ammonia-like odour
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5
Q

Non-fermenters: natural host or habitat

A
  • Widely disseminated in environment
  • Aquatic and marine environments
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6
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa: natural host or habitat

A
  • Happily survives on surfaces in HOSPITAL environment
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7
Q

Burkolderia mallei: natural host or habitat

A
  • Host adapted pathogen to equids
  • Does NOT survive OUTSIDE the host
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8
Q

Burkholderia pseudomallel: natural host or habitat

A
  • Found in water and soil of equatorial regions
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9
Q

Virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • Ability to quorum sense
  • Elastase (damage to blood vessels and lung tissues)
  • Siderophores
  • Type III secretion system (release effector to damage host tissues)
  • Alginate biofilm
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10
Q

Siderophores

A
  • Pigmented iron scavenging molecules pyoverdine (green), pyocyanin (blue)
  • *characteristic colour
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11
Q

Alginate biofilm

A
  • Slimy matrix produced by strains which prevents phagocytosis
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12
Q

Biofilm definition

A
  • Collection of microbial cells covered by and embedded in a matrix of extracellular matrix which protects the bacteria inside
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13
Q

P. aeruginosa: clinical significance

A
  • Opportunistic pathogen: rarely causes primary infection
  • Can infect many species at a variety of anatomical sites
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14
Q

What are some presentations associated with the P. aeruginosa

A
  • Pneumonia in farmed mink and pigs
  • Otitis, pneumonia, sepsis, sudden death in chinchillas
  • Sepsis in poultry
  • Mastitis in ruminants
  • Otitis externa in dogs
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15
Q

P. aeruginosa in horses and dogs: isolated from comprised animals (otitis externa and pyoderma)

A
  • Infecting corneal tissues
    o Ulcerative keratitis
    o Cause of ‘melting ulcers’ in horses
    o GREEN colour due to fluorescein DYE
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16
Q

P. aeruginosa (humans)

A
  • Most commonly isolated P. species in humans
  • In patents have other ‘issues’
  • Infections often occur at ‘moist’ site
  • Treatment is often difficult (intrinsic and acquired resistance and formation of biofilms)
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17
Q

Humans who get P. aeruginosa: other ‘issues’ they have

A
  • Burns
  • Cystic fibrosis
  • Acute leukemia
  • Transplant recipients
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18
Q

P. fluorescens (fish)

A
  • Cause of septicemia in high intensity aquaculture operations
    o Fish lethargic and have cutaneous lesions
  • Ubiquitous within environment
  • More common in waters with organic pollutants
  • Treatment is challenging (intrinsic resistance, drugs available=not effective)
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19
Q

S. maltophila (repitles)

A
  • Septicemia in reptiles and amphibians
    o Wounded animals, poor husbandry (kept too cold)
  • *if have systemic infections in reptiles=THINK NON-FERMENTERS
20
Q

Cutaneous infection in reptiles: most common isolate

A
  • P. aeruginosa
21
Q

Abscess in reptiles: most common isolate

A
  • Mixed anaerobes
22
Q

Respiratory infection in reptiles: most common isolate

A
  • P. aeruingosa
23
Q

Oral infection in reptiles: most common isolate

A
  • P. species
  • Stenotrophomonas maltophila
24
Q

Burkholderia mallei (glanders in horses)

A
  • Humans and cats also susceptible
  • Transmission by ingestion of food or water contaminated by nasal discharges
  • Facultative intracellular parasite
25
Q

Burkohodleria mallei: 3 forms it presents itself

A
  • Glanders: pulmonary
  • Glanders: nasal
  • Farcy: cutaneous
26
Q

Glands in horses (Burkoholderia mallei): disease

A
  • Pyrexia, depression and anorexia
  • Watery discharge from nostril (unilateral) and coughing
  • Nodules and ulcers develop on septum and discharge becomes thicker
  • Enlargement of lymph nodes
  • *animals that survive=nasal septum may be perforated
27
Q

Burkholderia mallei (Farcy in horses)

A
  • Cutaneous lesions
    o Nodules on inner thighs, limbs and belly
  • Lymphangitis (swollen lymph vessels) and lymphadenitis
  • Nodules which may ulcerate seen along tracks of lymphatics on skin
28
Q

B. mallei in humans, large cats in zoos, horses

A
  • Disease often fatal within several weeks
  • Not found in NA (found in Asia, middle east, SA, Russia)
  • *possible agent of biological warfare
29
Q

B. pseudomallei (melioidosis in humans)

A
  • Primarily found in Thailand, Vietnam, N. Australia, China, Taiwan and Laos
  • ‘glanders like disease’
  • Facultative intracellular pathogen
  • Broad host range
  • Contracted by contaminated food or water
30
Q

Melioidosis contracted by contaminated food or water: examples

A
  • Muddy water and humid soil
  • Consumption of infected animals
  • Exposure often occupational (labourers, cleaners, rice paddy workers)
31
Q

B. pseudomallei (melioidosis in humans): survival and lesions

A
  • Self-limiting flu like illnesses
  • Typical lessions=abscesses (occur anywhere on body)
    o People: lungs and brain=most common
    o Infections can be latent and reactivate after years
  • High rates of infections in US soldiers in the Vietnam war
  • *intrinsic resistance to many antimicrobials
32
Q

Meliodosis in people has 3 distinct forms

A
  1. Acute: septicemia with metastatic lesions and abscesses
  2. Subacute: ‘TB” like pneumonia, lymphangitis
  3. Chronic: localized chronic cellulitis
33
Q

Meliodosis in people if untreated

A
  • High mortality rate (95%)
  • *even high in developed countries among bacteremic patents=19%
34
Q

B. pseudomallei (meliodosis in other species)

A
  • Can be fatal or subclinical
  • Horses: may mimic glanders
  • Goats and pigs: respiratory and CNS infections, arthritis and mastitis (ex. splenic abscesses)
  • Dogs: localized abscessations with pyrexia
  • Monkeys: necrosuppurative meningoencephalitis
35
Q

Sample collection: P. aeruginosa and S. maltophila

A
  • Collect samples from infection sites
  • *do NOT freeze
36
Q

Sample collection: B. mallei

A
  • *wear gloves
  • Discharges from lesions for culture
  • Blood for serology
  • *do NOT freeze
37
Q

Lab ID: pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas

A
  • Readily grows on routine test media
38
Q

Lab ID: Burkholderia mallei and pseudomallei

A
  • Grows on blood and MacConkey agar
  • PCR based assays
  • Immunological tests helpful
39
Q

Lab ID: non-ferments (other than P. aerunginosa)

A
  • Notoriously difficult to ID to speices level
    o Even with MALDI
40
Q

B. mallei: zoonotic and interspecies transmission

A
  • Human infections=zoonotic
    o Vets
    o Those working with horses
    o Lab workers
    o Abattoir workers or those working with horse meat
41
Q

B. pseudomallei: zoonotic and interspecies transmission

A
  • Not typically transmitted between animals
  • *Acquired from environment
42
Q

Bergeyella zoohelcum: zoonotic and interspecies transmission

A
  • Found in dog mouths
  • *possibility in bite wounds
43
Q

B. mallei: treatment choice

A
  • Immediately notifiable in Canada
  • *authorities take a stamping out approach
44
Q

Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas: treatment choice

A
  • Based on susceptibility testing
  • May consider topical therapies in some situations
45
Q

Drugs to avoid/intrinsic resistance

A
  • *LOTS
  • Due to level of porin expression (drugs can’t get through cell membrane!)

BACTERIOLOGY (19 decks)

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