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Histology Exam 3 > 20- Female Reproductive 2 > Flashcards

20- Female Reproductive 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gross anatomy of uterus

A

hollow- pear shaped organ

continuous with oviduct and vagina

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2
Q

regions of histological divisions of uterus

A
  1. body and fundus make up uterine proper

2. the cervix

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3
Q

the cervix

A

contains endocervical canal

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4
Q

internal os of cervix

A

superior opening into the cervical canal from uterus

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5
Q

external os of cervix

A

inferior opening from the cervical canal into vagina

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6
Q

functions of the uterus

A
  1. provision of nutritional and waste removal during development of fectus
  2. expulsion of fetus at parturition
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7
Q

layers of body and fundus of uterus

A 
outer serosa (perimetrium)
middle muscularis (myometrium)
inner mucosa (endometrium)
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8
Q

outer serosa layer of body and fundus

A

formed by pelvic peritoneum and underlying CT

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9
Q

middle muscularis layer of body and fundus

A

SM that is 10-15mm thick

inner layer: longitudinal and circular in orientation
middle layer: circular or spiral in orientation.
outer layer: longitudinal in orientation

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10
Q

what is the thickest layer of middle muscularis of body and fundus?

A

middle layer with numerous blood vessels

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11
Q

how big are SM cells in non-pregnant uterus

A

50 mu long

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12
Q

how long are SM cells in pregnant uterus

A

can be more than 500mu

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13
Q

inner mucosa of body and fundus of uterus

A

simple columnar epthelium resting on CT lamina propria

undergoes cyclical changes to prepare for implantation fertilizaed ovum- partially sloughed during menstruation

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14
Q

cyclical changes of inner mucosa of body and fundus of uterus

A

changes its secretory activity and structure over the 28 days

onset of menstruation is day 1- ovulation is at day 14

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15
Q

components of endometrium

A
  1. thick lamina propria
  2. simple columnar epithelium- both ciliated and non ciliated cells
  3. simple tubular uterine glands
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16
Q

what is the lamina propria called in the endometrium?

A

endometrial stroma formed by stellate cells

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17
Q

simple tubular uterine glands

A

in endometrium

epithelium invaginate into the underlying lamina propria

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18
Q

layers of the endometrium

A 
basal layer (stratum basale) 
functional layer (stratum functionale) 
no distinct demarcation of layers
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19
Q

basal layer of endometrium

A

lies adjacent to myometrium

contains bases of tubular glands

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20
Q

what layer of the endometrium remains after menstruation?

A

the basal layer so endometrium may regenerate during the next cycle

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21
Q

functional layer of endometrium

A

between basal layer and lumen of uterus

contains bodies of tubular glands

sloughed at menstruation

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22
Q

what arteries does the uterine aa give off and where?

A

circumferential arcuate arteries that course in the middle layer of myometrium

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23
Q

what do the arcuate arteries give off?

A

radial arteries to the endometrium that course toward uterine lumen

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24
Q

what do the radial arteries give off?

A

straight arteries that supply basal layer of endometrium

spiral arteries that supply the functional layer of the endometrium (distal part of these arteries is shed during menstruation)

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25
Q

proliferative (follicular) phase of the endometrium

A

from end of menstruation to mid cycle (day 14)

  1. rapid repair and regeneration of endometrium from the glands and vessels in the basal layer
  2. growth of the ovarian follicle
  3. hormonal control of growth of the endometrium
  4. continues until 1 day after ovulation (day 15)
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26
Q

what happens during the rapid repair of the endometrium?

A

(during proliferative phase)

  1. tubular uterine glands regenerate with initially straight and narrow lumens
  2. stromal cells proliferate
  3. increases in thickness to 3mm
  4. spiral arteries grow but do not reach upper 1/3 of endometrium- only slightly coiled
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27
Q

growth of endometrium in proliferative stage is stimulated by….

A

estrogen secreted by theca internal of ovarian follicle

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28
Q

progestational (secretory, luteal) stage

A

further growth of endometrium- gets to be about 5-6 mm or more in thickness

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29
Q

what happens to uterine glands in progestational stage?

A

become more tortuous with sacculated walls and wide lumens filled with secretions

secretions are thick with lots of glycogen

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30
Q

what happens to spiral arteries in progestational stage?

A

now very coiled

reach the luminal surface of endometrium

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31
Q

what happens to stromal cells in progestational stage?

A

get bigger and can become decidual cells to make up maternal contribution to the placenta if there is an implanted egg

32
Q

what develops during the progestational stage?

A

corpus luteum

progesteron is secreted from corpus luteum and is what drives the changes during this stage

33
Q

menstrual stage of endometrium

A

sloughing of functional layer

  1. spiral arteries contract- leads to ischemia
  2. stroma swell and become filled with leukocytes
  3. functional layer is shed- (3-5 days)
  4. corpus leutum involutes
34
Q

average blood loss during menstrual stage?

A

35-50ml

contains blood, glandular secretions, stromal cells and epithelial cells

35
Q

layers of the cervix

A

outer adventitia
middle myometrium
inner mucosa (endocervix)

36
Q

outer adventitia of cervix

A

CT

37
Q

middle myometrium of cervix

A

DCT, elastic fibers (no SM)

38
Q

inner mucosa (endocervix) of cervix

A

simple columnar cells (ciliated and non-ciliated) and CT lamina propria

39
Q

plicae palmatae

A

in inner mucosa of cervix

large, branched glands

40
Q

nabothian cysts

A

blocked plicae palmatae glands

mucus filled cysts

41
Q

morphological changes of cervix associated with menstrual cycle

A
  1. endocervix not sloughed

2. mucus secretions change in endocervix

42
Q

mid-cycle secretions in endocervix

A

less viscous mucus that is alkaline and more penetrable by sperm

43
Q

normal secretions in endocervix

A

thicker mucus that makes it more of a barrier to sperm movement

44
Q

transition of cell epithelial types in cervix

A

simple columnar to non-keratinized stratified squamous in external os during period

45
Q

where is the transitional epithelial area in pre- and post menstrual women?

A

in cervical canal

46
Q

Papanicolaou (pap) smears

A

collect cells in the transition area to look for precancerous and cancerous cells of the cervix

cervical cancer cells grow slowly- therefore pap smears can usually diagnose pre cancer stages and limit harmful effects early

47
Q

Gardasil

A

vaccine that blocked the effects of HPV strains (2) that cause cervical cancer

3 injections over 6 months for girls 11-12

48
Q

gross anatomy of the vagina

A

from cervix to vestibule

organ of reproduction for female and inferior part of birth canal

49
Q

layers of the vagina

A

outer adventitia
middle muscularis
inner mucosa

50
Q

outer adventitia of vagina

A

CT- blends into surrounding tissue

51
Q

middle muscularis layer of vagina

A
  1. circular inner layer
  2. longitudinal outer layer continuous with myometrium of uterus
  3. inferior end of vagina may have some skeletal m fibers from bulbospongiosus m.
52
Q

inner mucosa layer of vagina

A

NON KERTINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM and CT lamina propria

has rugae

53
Q

lamina propria of inner mucosa layer of vagina

A

large venous sinuses to stimulate erectile tissue

lots of lymphocytes and leukocytes and lymph nodules

54
Q

glands in the vaginal mucosa?

A

NOOOO!!! (trick question)

vagina is kept moist by a transudate from vaginal wall and cervical mucus

55
Q

mammary gland

A

in both sexes- but not functional in males

female breast enlarges during puberty due to fat deposit

function is to nourish newborn

structure varies depending on functional state

56
Q

what type of gland is the breast?

A

compound tubuloalveolar gland- modified sweat gland

57
Q

lobes of mammary gland

A

15-20 lobes radiating from nipple

divided by septa (CT)- additional septa divide into lobules-some septa form suspensory ligaments of Cooper by attaching to underlying dermis

each lobe ends in dilation called lactiferous sinus

lactiferous sinus drains into lactiferous ducts that open into the nipple

58
Q

inactive mammary glands

A
  1. lobes divided into lobules
  2. abundant CT between lobules (mostly fat)
  3. glandular elements are mostly part of duct system
59
Q

glandular system of inactive mammary glands

A

smallest ducts lined with simple cuboidal epithelium

larger interlobular ducts have stratified epithelium: lactiferous sinus lined with stratified cuboidal
lactiferous duct with stratified squamous

60
Q

active mammary gland

A

during pregnancy

increased glandular elements and less CT elements

61
Q

glandular system of active mammary gland

A

ducts branch and proliferate

interlobular ducts lined with stratified cuboidal or columnar

62
Q

alveoli in active mammary glands

A

bud off the ducts
formed by simple cuboidal with myoepithelial cells at periphery

have secretory activity later in pregnancy

63
Q

purpose of myoepithelial cells

A

contraction helps push milk into duct system

64
Q

colostrum

A

produced by alveoli immediately after parturition in mammary glands

is a watery fluid with lots of Abs (secreted by plasma cells in CT) to give passive immunity to child

65
Q

active (lactating) mammary gland

A
  1. after birth
  2. very little CT
  3. alveoli are dilated with milk product secreted by apocrine(lipid) and merocrine (protein) secretion
66
Q

milk product

A

secretions that have a lot of sugar, protein and fat

67
Q

suckling reflex

A

controls milk release

causes release of oxytocin from pars nervosa–> myoepithelial cells contract–> milk product goes into duct system

68
Q

regression of mammary gland

A

after cessation of lactation

  1. alveoli decrease in size and number
  2. increased CT and fat
  3. some alveoli are retained- more glandular than virgin breast
69
Q

involution of mammary gland

A

after menopause

secretory elements atrophy, DCT that is homogenous

70
Q

what causes mammary gland to grow at puberty?

A

estrogen and progesterone from ovary

71
Q

what causes mammary gland to grow during pregnancy?

A

hormones from corpus luteum

prolactin, human chorionic somatomammotropin from placenta and adrenal glucocorticoids

72
Q

what controls initiation and maintenance of lactation?

A

prolactin

73
Q

where do most breast carcinomas arise from?

A

epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts

can happen in males 1-2% of breast cancers

74
Q

fibrocystic disease of the breast

A

hyperplasia of CT around ducts
single or multiple cysts from in ducts
glandular hyperplasia involving small ducts and gland buds
hyperplasia of duct epithelium

symptoms: tenderness, pain, or lump

could be caused by hormonal imbalance

75
Q

lactational amenorrhea

A

due to high prolactin suppressing LH
about half of breast feeding women experience this
ovulation happens after suckling decreases in frequency

results in breast feeding as birth control mechanism- but not reliable

Histology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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