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Histology Exam 3 > 20- Female Reproductive 2 > Flashcards

20- Female Reproductive 2 Flashcards

1
Q

gross anatomy of uterus

A

hollow- pear shaped organ

continuous with oviduct and vagina

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2
Q

regions of histological divisions of uterus

A
  1. body and fundus make up uterine proper

2. the cervix

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3
Q

the cervix

A

contains endocervical canal

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4
Q

internal os of cervix

A

superior opening into the cervical canal from uterus

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5
Q

external os of cervix

A

inferior opening from the cervical canal into vagina

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6
Q

functions of the uterus

A
  1. provision of nutritional and waste removal during development of fectus
  2. expulsion of fetus at parturition
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7
Q

layers of body and fundus of uterus

A 
outer serosa (perimetrium)
middle muscularis (myometrium)
inner mucosa (endometrium)
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8
Q

outer serosa layer of body and fundus

A

formed by pelvic peritoneum and underlying CT

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9
Q

middle muscularis layer of body and fundus

A

SM that is 10-15mm thick

inner layer: longitudinal and circular in orientation
middle layer: circular or spiral in orientation.
outer layer: longitudinal in orientation

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10
Q

what is the thickest layer of middle muscularis of body and fundus?

A

middle layer with numerous blood vessels

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11
Q

how big are SM cells in non-pregnant uterus

A

50 mu long

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12
Q

how long are SM cells in pregnant uterus

A

can be more than 500mu

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13
Q

inner mucosa of body and fundus of uterus

A

simple columnar epthelium resting on CT lamina propria

undergoes cyclical changes to prepare for implantation fertilizaed ovum- partially sloughed during menstruation

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14
Q

cyclical changes of inner mucosa of body and fundus of uterus

A

changes its secretory activity and structure over the 28 days

onset of menstruation is day 1- ovulation is at day 14

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15
Q

components of endometrium

A
  1. thick lamina propria
  2. simple columnar epithelium- both ciliated and non ciliated cells
  3. simple tubular uterine glands
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16
Q

what is the lamina propria called in the endometrium?

A

endometrial stroma formed by stellate cells

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17
Q

simple tubular uterine glands

A

in endometrium

epithelium invaginate into the underlying lamina propria

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18
Q

layers of the endometrium

A 
basal layer (stratum basale) 
functional layer (stratum functionale) 
no distinct demarcation of layers
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19
Q

basal layer of endometrium

A

lies adjacent to myometrium

contains bases of tubular glands

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20
Q

what layer of the endometrium remains after menstruation?

A

the basal layer so endometrium may regenerate during the next cycle

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21
Q

functional layer of endometrium

A

between basal layer and lumen of uterus

contains bodies of tubular glands

sloughed at menstruation

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22
Q

what arteries does the uterine aa give off and where?

A

circumferential arcuate arteries that course in the middle layer of myometrium

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23
Q

what do the arcuate arteries give off?

A

radial arteries to the endometrium that course toward uterine lumen

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24
Q

what do the radial arteries give off?

A

straight arteries that supply basal layer of endometrium

spiral arteries that supply the functional layer of the endometrium (distal part of these arteries is shed during menstruation)

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25
proliferative (follicular) phase of the endometrium
from end of menstruation to mid cycle (day 14) 1. rapid repair and regeneration of endometrium from the glands and vessels in the basal layer 2. growth of the ovarian follicle 3. hormonal control of growth of the endometrium 4. continues until 1 day after ovulation (day 15)
26
what happens during the rapid repair of the endometrium?
(during proliferative phase) 1. tubular uterine glands regenerate with initially straight and narrow lumens 2. stromal cells proliferate 3. increases in thickness to 3mm 4. spiral arteries grow but do not reach upper 1/3 of endometrium- only slightly coiled
27
growth of endometrium in proliferative stage is stimulated by....
estrogen secreted by theca internal of ovarian follicle
28
progestational (secretory, luteal) stage
further growth of endometrium- gets to be about 5-6 mm or more in thickness
29
what happens to uterine glands in progestational stage?
become more tortuous with sacculated walls and wide lumens filled with secretions secretions are thick with lots of glycogen
30
what happens to spiral arteries in progestational stage?
now very coiled | reach the luminal surface of endometrium
31
what happens to stromal cells in progestational stage?
get bigger and can become decidual cells to make up maternal contribution to the placenta if there is an implanted egg
32
what develops during the progestational stage?
corpus luteum | progesteron is secreted from corpus luteum and is what drives the changes during this stage
33
menstrual stage of endometrium
sloughing of functional layer 1. spiral arteries contract- leads to ischemia 2. stroma swell and become filled with leukocytes 3. functional layer is shed- (3-5 days) 4. corpus leutum involutes
34
average blood loss during menstrual stage?
35-50ml | contains blood, glandular secretions, stromal cells and epithelial cells
35
layers of the cervix
outer adventitia middle myometrium inner mucosa (endocervix)
36
outer adventitia of cervix
CT
37
middle myometrium of cervix
DCT, elastic fibers (no SM)
38
inner mucosa (endocervix) of cervix
simple columnar cells (ciliated and non-ciliated) and CT lamina propria
39
plicae palmatae
in inner mucosa of cervix | large, branched glands
40
nabothian cysts
blocked plicae palmatae glands | mucus filled cysts
41
morphological changes of cervix associated with menstrual cycle
1. endocervix not sloughed | 2. mucus secretions change in endocervix
42
mid-cycle secretions in endocervix
less viscous mucus that is alkaline and more penetrable by sperm
43
normal secretions in endocervix
thicker mucus that makes it more of a barrier to sperm movement
44
transition of cell epithelial types in cervix
simple columnar to non-keratinized stratified squamous in external os during period
45
where is the transitional epithelial area in pre- and post menstrual women?
in cervical canal
46
Papanicolaou (pap) smears
collect cells in the transition area to look for precancerous and cancerous cells of the cervix cervical cancer cells grow slowly- therefore pap smears can usually diagnose pre cancer stages and limit harmful effects early
47
Gardasil
vaccine that blocked the effects of HPV strains (2) that cause cervical cancer 3 injections over 6 months for girls 11-12
48
gross anatomy of the vagina
from cervix to vestibule | organ of reproduction for female and inferior part of birth canal
49
layers of the vagina
outer adventitia middle muscularis inner mucosa
50
outer adventitia of vagina
CT- blends into surrounding tissue
51
middle muscularis layer of vagina
1. circular inner layer 2. longitudinal outer layer continuous with myometrium of uterus 3. inferior end of vagina may have some skeletal m fibers from bulbospongiosus m.
52
inner mucosa layer of vagina
NON KERTINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM and CT lamina propria has rugae
53
lamina propria of inner mucosa layer of vagina
large venous sinuses to stimulate erectile tissue lots of lymphocytes and leukocytes and lymph nodules
54
glands in the vaginal mucosa?
NOOOO!!! (trick question) vagina is kept moist by a transudate from vaginal wall and cervical mucus
55
mammary gland
in both sexes- but not functional in males female breast enlarges during puberty due to fat deposit function is to nourish newborn structure varies depending on functional state
56
what type of gland is the breast?
compound tubuloalveolar gland- modified sweat gland
57
lobes of mammary gland
15-20 lobes radiating from nipple divided by septa (CT)- additional septa divide into lobules-some septa form suspensory ligaments of Cooper by attaching to underlying dermis each lobe ends in dilation called lactiferous sinus lactiferous sinus drains into lactiferous ducts that open into the nipple
58
inactive mammary glands
1. lobes divided into lobules 2. abundant CT between lobules (mostly fat) 3. glandular elements are mostly part of duct system
59
glandular system of inactive mammary glands
smallest ducts lined with simple cuboidal epithelium larger interlobular ducts have stratified epithelium: lactiferous sinus lined with stratified cuboidal lactiferous duct with stratified squamous
60
active mammary gland
during pregnancy | increased glandular elements and less CT elements
61
glandular system of active mammary gland
ducts branch and proliferate interlobular ducts lined with stratified cuboidal or columnar
62
alveoli in active mammary glands
bud off the ducts formed by simple cuboidal with myoepithelial cells at periphery have secretory activity later in pregnancy
63
purpose of myoepithelial cells
contraction helps push milk into duct system
64
colostrum
produced by alveoli immediately after parturition in mammary glands is a watery fluid with lots of Abs (secreted by plasma cells in CT) to give passive immunity to child
65
active (lactating) mammary gland
1. after birth 2. very little CT 3. alveoli are dilated with milk product secreted by apocrine(lipid) and merocrine (protein) secretion
66
milk product
secretions that have a lot of sugar, protein and fat
67
suckling reflex
controls milk release causes release of oxytocin from pars nervosa--> myoepithelial cells contract--> milk product goes into duct system
68
regression of mammary gland
after cessation of lactation 1. alveoli decrease in size and number 2. increased CT and fat 3. some alveoli are retained- more glandular than virgin breast
69
involution of mammary gland
after menopause | secretory elements atrophy, DCT that is homogenous
70
what causes mammary gland to grow at puberty?
estrogen and progesterone from ovary
71
what causes mammary gland to grow during pregnancy?
hormones from corpus luteum | prolactin, human chorionic somatomammotropin from placenta and adrenal glucocorticoids
72
what controls initiation and maintenance of lactation?
prolactin
73
where do most breast carcinomas arise from?
epithelial cells of lactiferous ducts can happen in males 1-2% of breast cancers
74
fibrocystic disease of the breast
hyperplasia of CT around ducts single or multiple cysts from in ducts glandular hyperplasia involving small ducts and gland buds hyperplasia of duct epithelium symptoms: tenderness, pain, or lump could be caused by hormonal imbalance
75
lactational amenorrhea
due to high prolactin suppressing LH about half of breast feeding women experience this ovulation happens after suckling decreases in frequency results in breast feeding as birth control mechanism- but not reliable

Histology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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