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Histology Exam 3 > 17- Urinary System > Flashcards

17- Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Kidney functions (

A
  1. Excretion of urine (metabolic wastes= urea, uric acid, creatinine; foreign substances or their breakdown products)
  2. Regulation of total body water
  3. Regulation of electrolytes (Na, Cl)
  4. Control of acid-base balance (bicarbonate-carbonic acid)
  5. Endocrine secretion (Erythropoietin and Renin)
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3
Q

How much urine do you excrete a day

A

1-2 L/day

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4
Q

Erythropoietin and Renin

what do these endocrine secretions do?

A

Erythropoietin- stimulates blood cell formation

Renin- influences blood pressure

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5
Q

Gross anatomical features of the kidney

A

Bean-shaped, convex lateral surface, concave medial surface, posterior abdominal wall, retroperitoneal and dense connective tissue capsule

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6
Q

Describe Hilus of kidney

A

Indentation of medial border
Renal artery, vein, lymphatics and nerves enter and leave
Renal pelvis leaves

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7
Q

Describe Sinus of kidney

A

cavity that extends inward from the hills
surrounded by renal parenchyma
contains renal pelvis
remainder of sinus filled by loose connective tissue and fat

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8
Q

Describe renal pelvis

A

funnel-shaped expansion of proximal ureter

Major Calyces- 2-3 per kidney
Minor Calyces- 8-12 per kidney

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9
Q

Parenchyma of kidney

A

Cortex- outer dark layer

Medulla- inner lighter layer

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10
Q

Describe cortex of kidney

A

Medullary Ray- radially directed striations

Lobule- consists of a medullary ray and surrounding cortical tissue

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11
Q

Renal Blood Flow

A

1200 mL/min (20% of cardiac output)

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12
Q

Glomerular Filtration

A

125 mL/min

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13
Q

Urine Formation

A

1 mL/min

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14
Q

Medulla of kidney

A

Renal or medullary pyramid
Renal Columns (extensions of cortical tissue between medullary pyramids)
Lobe (consists of pyramid, its overlaying cortex and its surrounding cortex, i.e.: renal columns)

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15
Q

Rena/Medullary Pyramid

A

Base towards cortex
Papilla or apex projects into minor calyx
Area Cribrosa- tip of papilla perforated by 10-25 openings of collecting tubules

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16
Q

Blood Supply to kidney

A

Renal artery with segmental divisions

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17
Q

Interlobar arteries

A

in renal columns between pyramids

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18
Q

Arcuate arteries

A

arched over base of pyramids

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19
Q

Interlobular arteries

A

course parallel with medullary rays

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20
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

supplies blood to glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

Golumerulus

A

globular tuft of fenestrated (w/o diaphragms) capillaries

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22
Q

Efferent Arteriole

A

drains glomerular capillaries to the 2nd capillary bed, it’s a “portal arteriole”

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23
Q

2nd capillary bed

A

peritubular capillary network from cortical glomeruli

Has vasa recta from juxtamedullary glomeruli

24
Q

Vasa Recta (of 2nd capillary bed)

A

thin walled capillaries
Descending (toward papilla)- arterial limb
Ascending (toward renal surface)- venous limb
Form hairpin loops
Collectively called vascular bundle or rete mirabile

25
Q

Peritubular capillaries, vasa recta, and sometimes glomerular capillaries drain into _________________

A

interlobular veins, or arcuate veins–> interlobular veins –> renal veins

26
Q

Nephron

A
  1. Renal (Malphighian) corpuscle (#1)
    - Glomerulus (capillary tuft)
    - Capsule (of Bowman)
  2. Proximal tubule
    - Convoluted (#2)
    - Straight (descending thick limb, #3)
  3. Thin limb of loop of Henle
    - Descending (#4)
    - Ascending (#5)
  4. Distal tubule
    - Straight (ascending, thick limb #6)
    - Macular portion (#7)
    - Convoluted portion (#8)
  5. Loop of Henle (#3, #4, #5, #6)
    - Thick descending limb (straight)
    - Thin descending limb
    - Thin ascending limb
    - Thick ascending limb (straight)
  6. Cortical nephron
  7. Juxtamedullary nephron
27
Q

Cortical nephron

A

Located near the capsule, short loops of Henle, extend only into outer medulla

28
Q

Juxtamedullary nephron

A

located near the medulla, long loops of Henle, extend well into the inner medullar and are active in water reabsorption and urine concentration

29
Q

Collecting tubule and ducts (excretion of urine)

A
  1. Arched portion- short in cortex (#9)

Straight or descending portion- from cortex to papilla

30
Q 
(Uriniferous tubule)
# of Nephrons per kidney
A

1-2 million per kidney

31
Q

Renal Corpuscle is made up of

A

glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

32
Q

Glomerulus (Describe)

A

Globular tuft of type II (fenestrated, but no diaphragm) capillaries with thick basal lamina

1) Afferent arteriole
2) Efferent arteriole

33
Q

Bowman’s Capsule

A

Visceral layer- modified epithelial cells called podocytes

Parietal layer- simple squamous epithelium, gradually increasing in height to become continuous with epithelium of proximal convoluted tubule

Urinary (Bowman’s) space- between viscera; and parietal capsule

34
Q

Podocytes

A

Modified epithelial cells of the visceral layer of the Bowman’s Capsule
Stellate shape
Closely applied to glomerular capillary endothelium
Have radiating proceses:
1) Primary- large, few
2) Secondary- small, numbers (have foot processes or pedicles)
Interdigitate with neighboring pedicles, for split pores (25 nm), slit pores cover slit membranes (6nm), prominent basal lamina

35
Q

Mesangial cells

A

phagocytic cells located between capillaries; beep basal lamina clear

36
Q

Vascular pole of renal corpuscle

A

point where afferent and efferent arteriole enter and leave the glomerulus

37
Q

Urinary pole of renal corpuscle

A

point where parietal layer of capsule is continuous with proximal convoluted tubule

38
Q

Filtration Barrier (3 parts)

A
  1. Fenestrated Endothelium of glomerular capillaries, retains only cellular elements of blood (no diaphragms present)
  2. Combined Basal Laminae of capillary endothelium and podocytes, retains only large molecules of blood (only continuous layer of filtration barrier)
  3. Slit Pores (with slit membranes) between podocytes, retains only small molecules of blood
39
Q

Proximal Tubule location and epithelium

A

Location: PCT located in area of parents renal corpuscle
Simple cuboidal
Brush border- conspicuous microvilli covering on luminal surface of pct (proximal conv. tubule) cells
Basal Infoldings of plasma membrane

40
Q

Basal infoldings of plasma membrane of PCT

A

creates striated appearance, increases surface area, many mitochondria, site of active Na transport

41
Q

Thin limb of Loop of Henle location and epithelium

A

Location: medulla
Epithelium: simple squamous, no brush border, resemble capillary

42
Q

Distal Tubule epithelium- Straight (ascending) portion

A

has abrupt increase in thickness of epithelium from thin portion of proximal tubule
Inner medulla contains only thin segments, collecting ducts and blood vessels

Simple cuboidal, no brush border, prominent basal infoldings, site of active Cl transport, low H20 permeability

43
Q

Distal Tubule epithelium- Macular portion

A

Specialized cells of distal tubule which come into contact with afferent and efferent arteriole of parents renal corpuscle
Epithelium- Tall cuboidal to columnar, thinner cells than rest of distal tubule, nuclei appear crowded together

44
Q

Distal Tubule epithelium- Convoluted portion

A

Many short loops, above region of parents renal corpuscle, no different in epithelium from straight portion of distal tubule, site of active Na transport, low H20 permeability

45
Q

Collecting Tubule and larger collecting ducts (epithelium)

A

different from nephron
Simple cuboidal (small ducts) to simple columnar (large ducts)
distinctly outlined cells
Darkly staining round nucleus
Permeability under influence of ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin) released by neurohypophysis.

46
Q

ADH causes

A

permeability of the collecting ducts to increase, leading to an increase in the reabsorption of water from the tubules and subsequently a more concentrated urine

47
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JG)

A

Modified smooth muscles cells of afferent arteriole

Contain granules that have renin

48
Q

Renin catalyzes

A

conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is converted to angiotensin II by another enzyme from the lung

49
Q

Angiotensin II is a

A

potent renal and systemic vasoconstrictor (increases BP)
Also stimulates aldosterone release by the adrenal cortex which causes reabsorption of Na and thus H2O, leading to an increase in total body water and blood pressure

50
Q

JG Apparatus also consists of:

A

Macula densa of distal tubule

51
Q

Function of JG apparatus

A

cells of macula densa sense NaCl concentration in distal tubule
Macula densa cells mediate release of renin by JG cells effecting change in electrolytes, total body water and BP

52
Q

Extrarenal Collecting System

A

Renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

53
Q

Mucosa- epithelium

A

transitional epithelium for the most part; increases in thickness from ureter to urethra; impermeable to H2O and salts
Lamina Propria- relatively dense

54
Q

Muscularis

A

Inner longitudinal layer (opposite to GI tract)
Middle circular layer (opposite to GI tract)
Additional outer longitudinal layer from distal ureters to bladder (not present in GI tract)

Adventitia

55
Q

Nephron is responsible for

A

formation of urine

Histology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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