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Histology Exam 3 > H18- Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

H18- Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of

A

Gonads (testes) and their excretory ducts, accessory sex glands and the penis

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2
Q

Excretory ducts (associated parts)

A

tubuli recti, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, ductus deferens,, ejaculatory duct, urethra)

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3
Q

Accessory sex glands (associated parts)

A

seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)

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4
Q

Function of male reproductive system

A

production of male gametes (spermatozoa), components of semen, and male hormones

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5
Q

Testes

A

Compound tubular glands
Exocrine- produce holocrine secretion (spermatozoa)
Endocrine- produce male hormone (testosterone)

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6
Q

3 layers of testicular capsule

A 
Tunica Vaginalis (outer layer)- mesothelium
Tunica Albuginea (middle layer)- dense fibroelastic CT 
Tunica Vasculosa (inner layer)- blood vessels in loose CT
(continuous with intestinal tissue of testis)
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7
Q

Tunica Albuginea

A
  • Thickens posteriorly to form mediastium testis
  • Septa radiate into testis and divide it into 200-300 pyramidal compartments- testicular lobes
  • Each lobule has 1-4 seminiferous tubules
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8
Q

Parenchyma of testis

A

Interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Interstitial tissue (of parenchyma of testis)

A
  • Macrophages
  • Blood and lymph vessels
  • nerves and miscellaneous cells
  • Most important cell type: Interstitial cell (of Leydig)
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10
Q

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

A

Large polyhedral cell lying between seminiferous tubules
Spherical nucleus
Binucleate, distinct nucleus

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11
Q

Interstitial Cells of Leydig secrete:

A

Testosterone

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12
Q

Testosterone (3 facts)

A
  • From Interstitial cells of Leydig
  • Released by endocrine mode of secretion
  • Production is controlled by LH (luteinizing hormone) from basophils of the adenohypophysis (pituitary gland)
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13
Q

Testosterone is responsible for

A

the proliferation and differentiation of germ cells, the development and maintenance of excretory ducts and accessory sex glands, and the development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics

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14
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A

400-600 per testis
Coiled Tubes
0.2mm in diameter, and 30-70 cm long, 250 m/testis

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15
Q

Seminiferous Tubule epithelium and basement membrane

A

germinal epithelium, rests on a basement membrane

BM covered externally by fibrous lamina propria which contains fibroblasts, collagen and myoid cells (myoid cells are contractile and aid in sperm movement)

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16
Q

Seminiferous (germinal) epithelium has 2 cell types:

A

1) Sustentacular cells of Sertoil (supporting or nurse cells)
2) Spermatogenic cells

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17
Q

Sustentacular cells of sertoli (Sertoli cells)

A

Spaced along the seminiferous tubule, extend fro basal lamina to lumen of tubule

1) Tall, pillar-like cells; pale ovoid nucleus with prominent nucleolus
2) Adjacent Sertoli cells are connected by tight junctions

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18
Q

Adjacent Sertoil cells form:

A

Blood-testis barrier, which prevents contents of tubule from freely interacting with vascular system and divides tubule into 2 compartments:

Basal compartment (between cell junctions and basal lamina)
Adluminal compartment (between cell junctions and lumen)
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19
Q

Basal compartment

A

between cell junctions and basal lamina
contains spermatogenic cells
area of free exchange

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20
Q

Adluminal compartment

A

between cell junctions and lumen
Contains more differentiated germ cells
Isolated from blood vessels, receive nutrition from Sertoli cells
Prevents protein from lumen from reaching the blood and causing formation of antibodies to sperm

21
Q

During differentiation, spermatogenic cells attached to and nourished by

A

Sertoli Cells

22
Q

Sertoli cells produce 3 compounds

A

Androgen Binding Protein (ABP)- concentrates testosteron in adluminal compartment

Inhibin- regulates follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels from the pituitary gland and so the number of cells entering spermatogenesis

Mullerian Inhibiting Hormone (Anti-Mullerian)- secreted prenatally, suppresses development of Mullerian duct (of females) and promotes development of the Wolffian duct (of males) RAWWWR (wolf)

23
Q

Spermatogenic cells (germ cells of DA BOYZ) describe em’

A

1) Differentiate as they move from basal compartment to lumen
2) Differentiate by process known as spermatogenesis, consisting of cell multiplication (meiotic division) and cell differentiation (spermiogenesis)

24
Q

Takes ______ days to form mature spermatozoon

A

64 days

25
Q

Line of differentiation

A

spermatogonia–> primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte –> spermatids –> mature spermatozoon

26
Q

Spermatogonia

A

lie in basal compartment
round cells, diploid
divide to produce primary spermatocytes

27
Q

Primary Spermatocytes

A 
Largest germ cell; spherical or ovoid
Moves from basal compartment to adluminal compartment (passes through Sertoli-Sertoli tight junctions) 
Undergo first meiotic division to produce secondary spermatocytes 
Cell division (cytokinesis) is incomplete so secondary spermatocytes are connected by cytoplasmic bridges
28
Q

Secondary Spermatocytes

A

half the size of primary spermatocytes
Lie near the lumen
Rarely seen in section because they divide rapidly (second meiotic division) to produce haploid spermatids

29
Q

Spermatids

A

Lie close to lumen

Early and late spermatids are 2 types

30
Q

Early spermatids

A

spherical, 6 micrometers in diameter

31
Q

Late spermatids

A

resemble spermatozoa
4 daughter spermatids are in cytoplasmic continuity with one another
Lie in deep recesses on apical surface of Sertoli cells
Become mature spermatozoa by a process called Spermiogenesis

32
Q

Spermiogenesis

A

differentiation of spermatids to mature spermatozoa

  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of nucleus
  • One forms flagellum (axoneme) with 9+2 arragement
  • Cytoplasm shed as residual body
  • Spermatozoon realsed from Sertoli cell
  • Morphologically mature but functionally immature (non-motile and limited capacity for fertilization)
33
Q

Spermatozoa

A

Lie in lumen of tubule
Consist of head and tail
Head= condensed nucleus and acrosome cap
Final maturation of sperm is called capacitation (takes place in female reproductive tract)

34
Q

Excretory Ducts consist of

A 
tubuli recti
rete testis
ductuli efferentes 
ductus epididymis 
ductus deferens 
ejaculatory duct 
urethra
35
Q

Tubuli Recti

A

From seminiferous tubules to rete testis

Short, straight tubule lined with Sertoli cells

36
Q

Rete Testis

A

Anastomosing channels in the mediastinum testis connecting tubuli recti and ductuli efferentes
Simple cuboidal epithelium with single cilium and scattered microvilli

37
Q

Ductuli Efferentes

A
  • form part of head of epididymis; 10-15 tubules connecting rete testis and ductus epididymis
  • Each ductule is 6-8 cm long, 0.5 mm in diameter
  • Lined by simple columnar epithelium
  • Tall columnar cells with cilia alternate with shorter cuboidal cells that reabsorb fluid to produce characteristic “up and down” appearance
  • Cells ciliated, cilia beat toward epididymis; help transport non-motile spermatozoa
  • Bound by CT; surrounded by circular smooth muscle layer which increases in thickness as it courses toward the epididymis
38
Q

Ductus Epididymis

A
  • ductuli efferents unite to form a single ductus epididymis connecting ductuli efferents and ducts deferens
  • tortuous coiled duct 5-6 m long; forms part of head, body and tail of the epididymis
  • sperm acquire motility in the epididymis
  • Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
  • Cells absorb excess fluid produced by seminiferous tubulues
  • Thin lamina propria
  • Outside lamina propria, thin layer of circular smooth muscle (muscularis) increases in thickness as it approaches ductus deferens
39
Q

Ductus deferens

A
  • continuation of epididymis
  • enters inguinal canal and course retroperitoneal to join with duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct
  • Thick wall, narrow lumen
  • Usually seen as part of the spermatic cord
  • Terminal portion of ductus deferens dilates to form ampulla of ductus deferens which has a wider lumen and branching folds
40
Q

Mucosa of Ductus Deferens

A

epithelium + lamina propria
Rises into folds (causes stellate appearance of lumen in a cross section)
Epithelium- psuedostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
Lamina propria is thin

41
Q

Muscularis of Ductus Deferens

A

Has 3 layers:
Inner and outer longitudinal, middle circular
Middle and outer layers are well developed
Smooth muscle is innervated by autonomic nerve fibers

Outer adventitia

42
Q

Ejaculatory duct

A

formed by the union of the ampulla of the ductus deferens and duct of the seminal vesicle

43
Q

Seminal vesicles (accessory sex glands)

A

Paired, elongated, sac-like structures lying on posterior surface of bladder
A single long tubule
Ends join ductus deferens to form ejaculatory ducts
Testosterone-dependent

44
Q

Mucosa of Seminal vesicles

A

Thrown into numerous folds that give lumen a “honeycomb” appearance
Epithelium varies- pseudostratified columnar, simple columnar or cuboidal
-Secretes yellow viscous secretion that forms substantial part of semen (70%)
Rich in fructose and prostaglandins
Energy source for spermatozoa
Epithelium rests on loose lamina propria with many blood vessels and elastic fibers (surrounded by a muscular wall)

45
Q

Muscularis of Seminal Vesicles

A

Inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

Surrounded by Adventitia

46
Q

Prostate

A

Surrounds urethra
Largest accessory sex organ
Testosterone dependent
Aggregate of 30-50 compound tubuloalveolar glands that drain into prostatic sinus via 15-30 prostatic ducts
Glands have wide lumens and branch extensively

47
Q

Epithelium of Prostate

A

Varies from simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or pseudo stratified columnar
Rests on fibroelastic connective tissue layer containing smooth muscle cells
Gland is surrounded by fibroelastic capsule that also contains smooth muscle cells (fibromuscular stroma)
Septa enter into gland

48
Q

Prostatic secretion:

A

thin, milky fluid rich in proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatase
Secretory material may condense to form spherical bodies called prostatic concretions
Although prostate specific antigen (PSA) secreted by the prostate normally enters the prostatic secretions, elevated serum PSA associated with prostate cancer (affects 1 in 20 men) is due to increased activity by prostate cancer cells

49
Q

Bulbourethral glands (Glands of Cowper)

A

Paired, pea sized glands in the UG diaphragm
Compound tubuloalveolar gland that drains via duct into urethra
Gland secretes clear viscous fluid rich in amino acids and sialoproteins
Lubricates the urethra

Histology Exam 3 (7 decks)

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