2. what is evolution part 2

Question 1

infant crying
-> distinguish the proximate

Answer 1

from the ultimate causes of these behaviours

e.g. baby cold / hungry

Question 2

infant crying
-> ultimate functional explanations

Answer 2

elicits care and defensiveness from mothers and caregivers

increases likelihood of survival -> fitness benefits

Question 3

bottom-up

Answer 3

observation and then explain from theory

Question 4

top-down

Answer 4

hypthesis from theory

Question 5

5 research methods in evolutionary psychology

Answer 5

1. psychological experiments
2. cross-cultural / anthropological studies
3. physiological and brain imaging methods
4. genetic studies
5. comparative methods

Question 6

Adaptions for survival: getting food
-> solution = hunting

Answer 6

Selected for new adaptions
- Tool use / language
- New cultural practices
- Fire and cooking: smaller gut, bigger brains
- Sex-based division of labour
- Spicing foods: anti-microbial hypothesis

Question 7

Adaptions for survival: getting food
-> showing off hypothesis

Answer 7

1. Status competition between primary men. Better hunters have:
   - More status / mates
   - Take better care of their children due to more resources
2. Support for this in many hunter-gatherer societies
   - Paraguay / Easts Africa / Botswana-Namibia / Indonesia / Australia

Question 8

Adaptions for survival: getting food
-> sex differences

Answer 8

Women -> object memory location
Because of gathering -> remembering where it is?

Men -> spatial orientation
Because of hunting -> involves tracking and following?

Question 9

Color vision - evolutionary advantage
-> food hypothesis

Answer 9

better at spotting ripe, edible food
-> more colour-blind men

Question 10

Color vision - evolutionary advantage
-> social hypothesis

Answer 10

Changes in skin colour due to emotional states and social-sexual signals, females may have honed these adaptions for their roles as caregivers and empathizers

Question 11

fear and adaptive outputs

Answer 11

flight / fight / freeze / faint (submitting when no escape)

from fears to phobias
-> when evolved fear mechanisms are not calibrated well enough

Question 12

disgust as adaption

Answer 12

• disease avoidance
• avoidance of non-cooperative individuals -> more disgust towards strangers

Question 13

pregnancy sickness as an adaption
-> embryo protection hypothesis

Answer 13

morning sickness helps avoid toxins
- vomiting expulses toxins
- food specific: red meat / alcohol