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SF2 - Test 3 > 2 - Visual Field Deficits > Flashcards

2 - Visual Field Deficits Flashcards

1
Q

Fovea

A

Only cones, avascular; surrounded by macula lutea

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2
Q

Optic Disc (papilla)

A

“blind spot” where vessels/Retinal Ganglion Cell acons enter/leave eye

Circular orange/pink disc

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3
Q

Where is the only place to visualize CNS from the exterior?

A

Neural retina

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4
Q

Clinical: Papilledema

A

Indicates increased intracranial pressure; can result in visual blurring or vision loss

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5
Q

Clinical: Optic Disc Swelling

Hypertension

A

Bilateral swelling; chronic hypertension presents in retinal vessels

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6
Q

Clinical: Optic Disc Swelling

Optic Neuritis

A

Inflammation of the optic nerve

Common presenting sign of Multiple Sclerosis

Abnormal pupillary light reflex, sluggish compared to unaffected eye (relative afferent pupillary defect [RAPD])

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7
Q

Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD)

A

Abnormal pupillary light reflex, sluggish compared to unaffected eye

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8
Q

Clinical: Arterior-Venous (AV) Nicking

A

Chronic hypertension stiffens and thickens arteries, leading to vain indention & displacement

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9
Q

Clinical: Cotton Wool Spots

A

Microinfarcts result in axonal damage; axoplasmic material builds up in nerve fiber layer

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10
Q

Clinical: Emboli and Infarcts

A

Hollenhorst plaque from embolus

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11
Q

Clinical: Retinal Detachment (general)

A

Posterior neural retinal separates from Retinal Pigment Endothelial (RPE) layers

Symptoms: Sudden blindness in part of visual field, white spots

Causes: Boxers, complications to cataract surgery, shaken baby syndrome`

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12
Q

Clinical: Retinal Detachment

Rhegmatogenous

A

Most common; hole or tear in retina that allows fluid to accumulate underneath

Increased risk with aging (liquefaction of the vitreous)

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13
Q

Clinical: Retinal Detachment

Tractional

A

Scar tissue growing on surface of retina; typically in people with poorly controlled diabetes

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14
Q

Clinical: Retinal Detachment

Exudative

A

Fluid accumulation beneat retina without hole or tear; can be caused by age-related macular degeneration, eye injury, tumor, or inflammatory disease

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15
Q

Clinical: Retinal Vein Occlusion

A

Arterial atheroschlerosis causes blockage of nearby retinal vein

Results in hemorrhage and edema

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16
Q

Clinical: Retinal Artery Occlusion

A

Monocular vision loss with “cherry-red” spot at fovea

17
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Scotoma

A

Abnormal blind spot in the visual field; caused by retinal lesions

18
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Monocular Visual Loss

A

Optic nerve lesion leads to complete blindness in one eye

19
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Hemianopia (hemianopsia)

Homonymoius vs Heteronymous

A

Loss of half of the visual field along the vertical midline

- - -

Homo (most common) - loss on same side in both eyes

Hetero - Loss on both temporal halves (bitemporal hemianopia) or both nasal halves (binasal hemianopia)

20
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Quadrantanopia (Quadrantic hemianopia)

A

Decreased vision or blindness in 1/4 of the visual field

21
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Macular Sparing

A

Preservation of the center of the visual field, due to redundant blood supply to the occipital pole by branches of the MCA / PCA

22
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Binasal Hemianopia

A

Lesion of uncrossed temporal retinal fibers, results in loss of nasal visual field

Uncommon due to anatomical organization

Causes: Congenital hydrocephalus, atherosclerosis of internal carotids

23
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Bitemporal Hemianopia

A

Lesion of crossed nasal retinal fibers, resulting in loss of the temporal visual field

Most common

Causes: Damage to optic chiasm; usually as a result of pituitary adenoma, meningioma, or hypothalamic glioma

24
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Contralateral Superior Quadrantanopia

A

“Pie in the Sky” visual defect

Causes:

1. Temporal Lobe Lesions (MCA inferior territory; lower optic radiations affected at Meyer’s Loop)

  1. PCA infarct (lower bank of calcarine fissure)
25
Q

Clinical: Visual Field Defects

Contralateral Inferior Quadrantanopia

A

“Pie on the Floor” Visual Defect

Causes:

  1. Parietal Lobe Lesions (MCA superior territory; upper optic radiations affected)
  2. PCA infarct (upper bank of calcarine fissure)
26
Q

What is the pathway of information obtained at the macula?

A

Small Retinal Field; Large Processing

Center - Retinal Field

Medial - LGN (largest portion)

Lateral - Area 17 (lateral for larger space)

SF2 - Test 3 (25 decks)

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