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SF2 - Test 3 > 2 - Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

2 - Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

1
Q

Organization of the Cortex

A
  • Neocortex - 6-layered (90% mass)
  • Allocortex - 3-layered (10% mass)
    • Paleocortex (Olfactory)
    • Archicortex (Hippocampal)
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2
Q

Clinical: Columnopathies & Autism

A

Disorder or modular arangement of Cortical Columns

Autism Spectrum Disorder - too many column and subcortical white matter

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3
Q

False Locatization

A

Focal lesions cause specific defects, but there is overlap–exam may yield incorrect findings

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4
Q

Disconnection Syndromes

A

Impairments in signaling fibers between regions

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5
Q

Cortical Signs

A

Aphasia

Alexia

Agraphia

Acalculia

Neglext

Visual Spatial Disorientation - early alzheimers

Memory Impairment

Behavior/Personality Change

Hemianopsia

Eye Deviation (destructive: toward side of lesion)

*Apraxia - can also be subcortical

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6
Q

Clinical: Observe infant reflex (Palmar Grasp, Glabellar, Sucking, Snout, Babinski)

Possible cause?

A

Prefrontal Cortex lesion

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7
Q

Agnosia

A

Deficits in sensory information processing, with no damage to sensory organs or memory circuits

Normal perception + stripped meaning

Damage to ventral stream of sensory perception

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8
Q

Visual Agnosia

Apperceptive vs Associative

A

Inability to recognize visual obects

Associated with Left Occipital/Temporal Lobe lesions

May be either:

Appereceptive - unilateral failure of perception

Associative - bilateral failure of recognition despire accurate perception

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9
Q

Clinical: Audtory Agnosia

Semantic-Associative vs Discriminative

A

Inability to recognize sounds; associated with Auditory Cortex/Temporal Lobe lesion

- - -

May be either:

Semantic-Associative - linguisitic left hemisphere

Discriminative - environmental sounds, music, right hemisphere

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10
Q

Clinical: Contralateral Neglect

Sign?

A

Non dominant hemisphere

Constriction Apraxia

“Clock w/all the numbers on 1/2 the face”

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11
Q

Major Association Pathways

Arcuate Fasciculus (think clinical)

Cingulate Gyrus

A

Within hemispheres ONLY

Arcuuate Fasciculus - Part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus, connects Broca’s and Wernicks’s — DISCONNECTION SYNDROME = Conduction Aphasia, can’t repeat

Cingulate Gyrus - Cells give rise to cingulum fibers, connecting emotion centers and the default mode network w/memory structures such as hippocampus and pary of limbic system

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12
Q

Commissural Pathways:

Anterior Commissure

A

Connects temporal lobes, olfactory cortices, and olfactory bulbs

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13
Q

Commissural Pathways:

Posterior Commissure

A

Connects pretectal structures (rostral midbrain)

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14
Q

Commissural Pathways:

Corpus Callosum

When would you medically alter this structure?

A

Connects homotypical regions on both sides of brain

Can alter this structure (bisect) as a treatment option for extreme seizures; however may result in some sort of change for the patient

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15
Q

Projection Pathways:

Corona Radiata

A

Passage of axons as they bundle and pass through capsules, once expanded they become the corona radiata that transverse the whole cortex

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16
Q

Internal Capsule

Limbs: Anterior, Genu, Posterior

A

“The Big One”

Nearly all ascending/descending axons pass through here

Anterior - Frontal cortex

Genu - Corticobulbar

Posterior - Corticospinal, Sensory, Temporopontine, Visual/Auditory

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17
Q

Medial / Lateral Geniculate

A

Medial sends information to Auditory Cortex (Brodman 41/42)

Lateral sends information to Optical Cortext (Brodman 17)

18
Q

What blood vessel supplies the Internal Capsule and what does this result in?

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

Vulnerable for damage during strokes

19
Q

Neostriatum

Lentiform Nucleus

Corpus Striatum

A

Neostriatum (C+P) - embryonically linked

Lentiform Nucleus (P+GP) - physically connected

Corpus Striatum (C+P+GP) - principle component of extrapyramidal motor system

C = Caudate

P = Putamen

GP = Globus Pallidus

20
Q

Lateral Ventricles

Separation of Anterior Horns?

Clinical impact?

A

Septum Pallucidum separates anterior horns

Lie beneat cortical/subcortical system; any deficits (hydrocephalus, lesions, etc) can have impact on cortical/subcortical systems

21
Q

What does presence of third ventricle on a cornonal cross section indicate?

A

you’re looking at the posterior limb of the internal capsule

22
Q

Thalamus

Origin?

Major Function?

A

Origin: Diencephalon

Function: Receives precortical input, relays to higher areas = sensory and motor integration

*Does NOT receive Olfactory input

23
Q

Thalamic Nuclei and Projections

IML

Reticular Nucleus

A

Internal Medullary Lamina (IML) - White Matter Tracts that divides thalamus into three primary regions (medial/lateral/anterior nuclear groups)

Reticular Nucleus - Does not project to cortex; inhibitory circuits that project back to thalamus

24
Q

Functional Divisions of the Thalamus:

Sensory

A

VPL

VPM

LGN

MGN

25
Q

Functional DIvisions of the Thalamus:

Motor

A

VA

VL

26
Q

Clinical: Abnormalities of Thalamus

Paresthesia

and

Dejerin-Roussy Syndrom (Thalamic Pain Syndrome)

A

Paresthesia - Aberrant positive sensations; contralateral tingling or numbness; may be innocuous or painful

Thalamic Pain Syndrom (Dejerine) - Contrallateral lack of sensation and tingling that prigresses to severe pain; follow Thalamic Stroke

27
Q

Clinical: Abnormalities of Thalamus

Dysesthesia

Allodynia

Hyperalgesia

Hemianesthesia

Homonymous Hemianopsia

A

Dysesthesia - Abnormal, unpleasant sense of touch (can be painful)

Allodynia - Painful stimulus induced by innocuous stimuli

Hyperalgesia - Enhance pain to hamful stimuli

Hemianesthesia - Contrallateral loss of sensation (damage to VPL/VPM)

Homonymous Hemianopsia - Loss of same half of each visual field (damage to LGN)`

28
Q

VPL - Ventral Posterolateral

VPM - Ventral Posteromedial

LGN - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

MGN - Medial Geniculate Nucleus

A

VPL - Ventral Posterolateral: Sensory Relay - Body

VPM - Ventral Posteromedial: Sensory Relay - Face

BOTH: Vibration, Pain, Pressure, Proprioception, Light Tough

- - -

LGN - Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Sensory Relay - Retinal Axons to Optic Radiations (VISION)

MGN - Medial Geniculate Nucleus: Sensory Relay - Auditory Axons to Auditory Radiations (HEARING)

29
Q

Brodman:

Motor

Sensory

Visual

Auditory

A

Motor - 4

Sensory - 3/1/2

Visual - 17

Auditory - 41/42

30
Q

MCA Stroke:

Dominant Hemisphere

Non-Dominant Hemisphere

A

Dom - Global Aphasia

Non-Dom - Hemispatial Neglect

31
Q

PCA Stroke?

A

Pure Alexia (Loss of reading ability)

32
Q

Changes in hypersexuality/hyperaggression?

A

Damage to Amygdala

33
Q

Two causes for homonymous hemianopia?

A
  1. Internal capsule damage
  2. Lateral Geniculate nucleus
34
Q

Where vs What streams?

A

Where - Dorsal Stream

What - Ventral Stream

35
Q

Akinetopsia

A

Motion blindness, Lateral Occipital Lob damage

36
Q

Fusiform Gyrus damage

A

Prosopagnosia (inability to recognize faces)

37
Q

Associational Fibers

Arcuate Fibers

Major arcuate fiber?

A

Intrahemisphere connections

Connect adjacent gyri

Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus–connects Frontal to Occipital lob

38
Q

Clinical: Lesion of Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Conduction Aphasia (Broca/ Wernicke connection)

39
Q

Limbic System Functions

A

HOME

Homeostasis

Olfaction

Memory

Emotion

40
Q
A

SF2 - Test 3 (25 decks)

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