2. Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas,Histomonas, Entamoebis Flashcards
Trypomastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, amastigote - ?
Parasites belonging to Kineplastida (Trypanosoma and Leishmnania) can differ in phenotype
What diseases do parasites from Trypanosoma cause?
- Dourine
- Nagana ( = sleeping sickness)
- Chagas
- Surra
Dourine. Dollar spots.
Trypanosoma equipedrum
What parasite causes dourine?
Trypanosoma equipedrium
What is vector for Trypanosoma equiperdum?
It doesn’t need a vector. It’s directly transmitted disease during coitus (-› dourine)
Background of symptoms of dourine:
- coitus -› Trypanosoma reproduction on mucosa -› serum infiltration, miliar nodules, lesion -› pigmentation disorders on genitalia of the horse
- parasitaemia -› fever -› immunreaction: 1. skin: dollar spots 5-8 cm (pathognomic) - appear not always; 2. nerves: hind legs paralysis
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Discolouration of genital mucous membranes in dourine (Trypanosoma equipedrium)
Dourine
Trypanosoma equipedrium
- horses and donkeys
- no vector
- hypopigmentation, inflammation and ulceration of genitalia
- immune reaction -› dollar-spots, paralysis of hind limbs
- dollar spots on the skin - neither warm nor painful
- sampling: peripheral blood sample, mucosa from genitalia, puncture of dollar spots
- trypomastigotes
- Giemsa staining
What parasites cause Nagana disease?
Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei
What is the vector for parasites causing Nagana?
Tsetse fly. (Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei)
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Tsetse fly. (Glossina genus)
Vector for Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei causing nagana
in people causes sleeping sickness
Nagana: life cycle of parasite
For midterm:
- inside of mammalian hosts - trypomastigote form
- vector: tsetse fly - inside of vector epimastigote form
- pathogen is injected with the saliva of the vector
VSG - ? Why is it important?
VSG - variable surface glicoprotein
Even in one host there are different VSG tryponosomas -› difficult for immune system to kill
Background of symptoms of nagana:
- parasitaemia -› fever, unwilling to eat
- hypergammaglobulinaemia -› plasma cell hyperplasia -› spleen, lymph node enlargement
- ## constant antigen stimuli -› type 3 hypersensitivity reaction -› immunocomplexes -› haemorrhages, oedema, kidney damage, muscle degeneration etc
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Nagana Oedema in horse
This picture can be in midterm!!
Nagana
Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei
- horses, cattle - central Africa
- vector: tsetse fly (saliva)
- cell degeneration and inflammatory in many organs; spleen, lymph node enlargement, hypersensitivity (3), hemorrhages and oedema
- horse - oedema of limbs, genitalia and brain
- anaemia, anorexia in cattle
- kidneys are susceptible
- VSG (variable surface glycoprotein) antigenity -› prolonged antigen trigger, immune complex formation
- trypomastigotes in hosts
- sampling from peripheral blood vessel/lymph nodes
What parasite causes Chagas?
Trypanosoma cruzi
What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?
Kissing bug
But Trypanosoma is not in the saliva but in feces -› parasite comes into the blood because of scratching the bite
Kissing bug
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi causing chagas
Chagas
Trypanosoma cruzi
- human, dog, cat
- vector: kissing bug (feces)
- intracellular parasite
- heart muscle can be infected with pseudocysts (amastigote) -› damage of heart muscle tissue
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Heart in chagas disease
(Pseudocysts are formed in heart musle tissue)
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Chagas. Histologic sample from the right ventricle in a dog with T. cruzi infection. Pseudocysts of amastigotes (bold arrows) are present in multiple cardiomyocytes, which are disrupted by diffuse lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, 40× magnification
source: https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/parasitology/chagas-disease-dogs/ nice article about chagas in dogs :)
What spesies cause Leishmaniosis?
Leishmania tropica, infantum, donovani, chagasi
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Saliva of sandfly - promastigote form of Leishmania
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Amastigote forms of Leishmania inside of WBCs
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Paraglomerular infiltration by Leishmania
Leishmaniosis
Leishmaniosis
Leishmaniosis
Leishmaniosis
Leishmania tropica, infantum, donovani, chagasi
- zoonosis
- man, dog, cat
- vector: sandfly - Phlebotominae (promastigote form)
- intracellularly, can survive phagocytic digestion -› inside of macrophages
- alopecia, dermatitis, ulceration of the skin
- fever, enlargements of lymph nodes and spleen, liver, cachexy, anaemia, diarrhea, ataxia
- immune complexes -› kidney damage
- amastigote form in marophages of mammals
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Sandfly - vector of Leishmaniosis.
What species causes Giardiosis? What are the forms?
Giardia duodenalis
2 forms: trophozoite and cyst
Trophozoite: 2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella (damaging microvilli of duodenum -› diarrhea) - can only be found in very fresh feces, better
Cyst: 4 nuclei (in large intestine) - small and uncharacteristic
Trichomonosis of cattle
Tritrichomonas foetus
- bulls: usually symptomless carriers
- cows: vaginitis, ascending endometritis, pyometra, vaginal discharge, anoestrus, abortion
- early abortion: undeveloped, grey, pale and stinky
- one flagellum backwards, three flagella forward
- sample from prepuce of the bull
- usually no treatment -› culling of the infected animals
Trichomonosis (Tritrichomonas foetus - cattle)
Trichomonosis of birds
Trichomonas gallinae
- pigeons (!), turkeys, chickens - often infection through shared drinking bowl (especially if shared with pigeons)
- necrotic lesions in the mouth and in the pharynx
- lemon shaped, 4 flagella forward, one backwards
- necrotic lesions in the liver, heart and air sacs
Lesions in case of trichomonosis in birds
- necrotic lesions in the mouth and in the pharynx
- necrotic lesions in the liver (especially in young birds)
- also lesions can be in the heart and air sacs
Lesions in Histomonosis:
Flagellated form in caecal lumen: haemorrhages, necrotic caseous material in the lumen of caecum, wall thickened, pinpoint ulcers in the wall
Amoeboid form: liver necrosis (map-like necrosis) - PAS staining
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PAS staining of Histomona meleagridis in liver tissue
amoeboid form
Entamoebosis
Entamoeba histolytica
- anthropozoonis
- man, young dog
- bloody and mucous diarrhea, fever, digestion problems, abdominal pain
- moving trophozoites - fresh fecal smear with Lugol solution
- no cysts in feces of animal
Life cycle of Trypanosoma and Leishmania
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Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma
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Giardia
