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Parasitology 1 > 2. Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas,Histomonas, Entamoebis > Flashcards

2. Trypanosoma, Leishmania, Giardia, Trichomonas,Histomonas, Entamoebis Flashcards

1
Q

Trypomastigote, epimastigote, promastigote, amastigote - ?

A

Parasites belonging to Kineplastida (Trypanosoma and Leishmnania) can differ in phenotype

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2
Q

What diseases do parasites from Trypanosoma cause?

A
  • Dourine
  • Nagana ( = sleeping sickness)
  • Chagas
  • Surra
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3
Q
A

Dourine. Dollar spots.
Trypanosoma equipedrum

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4
Q

What parasite causes dourine?

A

Trypanosoma equipedrium

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5
Q

What is vector for Trypanosoma equiperdum?

A

It doesn’t need a vector. It’s directly transmitted disease during coitus (-› dourine)

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6
Q

Background of symptoms of dourine:

A
  • coitus -› Trypanosoma reproduction on mucosa -› serum infiltration, miliar nodules, lesion -› pigmentation disorders on genitalia of the horse
  • parasitaemia -› fever -› immunreaction: 1. skin: dollar spots 5-8 cm (pathognomic) - appear not always; 2. nerves: hind legs paralysis
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7
Q

?

A

Discolouration of genital mucous membranes in dourine (Trypanosoma equipedrium)

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8
Q

Dourine

A

Trypanosoma equipedrium
- horses and donkeys
- no vector
- hypopigmentation, inflammation and ulceration of genitalia
- immune reaction -› dollar-spots, paralysis of hind limbs
- dollar spots on the skin - neither warm nor painful
- sampling: peripheral blood sample, mucosa from genitalia, puncture of dollar spots
- trypomastigotes
- Giemsa staining

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9
Q

What parasites cause Nagana disease?

A

Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei

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10
Q

What is the vector for parasites causing Nagana?

A

Tsetse fly. (Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei)

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11
Q

?

A

Tsetse fly. (Glossina genus)
Vector for Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei causing nagana

in people causes sleeping sickness

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12
Q

Nagana: life cycle of parasite

A

For midterm:
- inside of mammalian hosts - trypomastigote form
- vector: tsetse fly - inside of vector epimastigote form
- pathogen is injected with the saliva of the vector

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13
Q

VSG - ? Why is it important?

A

VSG - variable surface glicoprotein

Even in one host there are different VSG tryponosomas -› difficult for immune system to kill

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14
Q

Background of symptoms of nagana:

A
  • parasitaemia -› fever, unwilling to eat
  • hypergammaglobulinaemia -› plasma cell hyperplasia -› spleen, lymph node enlargement
  • ## constant antigen stimuli -› type 3 hypersensitivity reaction -› immunocomplexes -› haemorrhages, oedema, kidney damage, muscle degeneration etc
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15
Q

?

A

Nagana Oedema in horse
This picture can be in midterm!!

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16
Q

Nagana

A

Trypanosoma vivax, congolense, brucei brucei
- horses, cattle - central Africa
- vector: tsetse fly (saliva)
- cell degeneration and inflammatory in many organs; spleen, lymph node enlargement, hypersensitivity (3), hemorrhages and oedema
- horse - oedema of limbs, genitalia and brain
- anaemia, anorexia in cattle
- kidneys are susceptible
- VSG (variable surface glycoprotein) antigenity -› prolonged antigen trigger, immune complex formation
- trypomastigotes in hosts
- sampling from peripheral blood vessel/lymph nodes

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17
Q

What parasite causes Chagas?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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18
Q

What is the vector for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Kissing bug
But Trypanosoma is not in the saliva but in feces -› parasite comes into the blood because of scratching the bite

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19
Q
A

Kissing bug
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi causing chagas

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20
Q

Chagas

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
- human, dog, cat
- vector: kissing bug (feces)
- intracellular parasite
- heart muscle can be infected with pseudocysts (amastigote) -› damage of heart muscle tissue

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21
Q

?

A

Heart in chagas disease
(Pseudocysts are formed in heart musle tissue)

22
Q

?

A

Chagas. Histologic sample from the right ventricle in a dog with T. cruzi infection. Pseudocysts of amastigotes (bold arrows) are present in multiple cardiomyocytes, which are disrupted by diffuse lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, 40× magnification

source: https://todaysveterinarypractice.com/parasitology/chagas-disease-dogs/ nice article about chagas in dogs :)

23
Q

Surra

A

Trypanosoma brucei envansi
- horse, dog, ruminants
- not charaecteristic: fever, lymph nodes enlargement, abortion
- oedema, posterior paralysis in horse
- oedema, haemorrhages, ocular signs in dogs
- Giemsa staining, trypomastigotes

24
Q

What spesies cause Leishmaniosis?

A

Leishmania tropica, infantum, donovani, chagasi

25
Background of symptoms of Leishmaniosis:
- injection -› MPS cells (phagocytosis can't kill Leishmania and it develops (amastigote) inside of MPS -› falling apart of MPS -› more MPS come -› tissue reaction -› systemic spreading -› immune reaction -› tissue destruction and immunocomplexes
26
?
Saliva of sandfly - promastigote form of *Leishmania*
27
?
Amastigote forms of Leishmania inside of WBCs
28
?
Paraglomerular infiltration by *Leishmania*
29
Leishmaniosis
30
Leishmaniosis
31
Leishmaniosis
32
Leishmaniosis
*Leishmania tropica, infantum, donovani, chagasi* - **zoonosis** - man, dog, cat - vector: sandfly - *Phlebotominae* (**promastigote** form) - intracellularly, can survive phagocytic digestion -› inside of macrophages - alopecia, dermatitis, ulceration of the skin - fever, enlargements of lymph nodes and spleen, liver, cachexy, anaemia, diarrhea, ataxia - immune complexes -› kidney damage - **amastigote** form in marophages of mammals
33
?
Sandfly - vector of Leishmaniosis.
34
What species causes Giardiosis? What are the forms?
*Giardia duodenalis* 2 forms: trophozoite and cyst **Trophozoite**: 2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella (damaging microvilli of duodenum -› diarrhea) - can only be found in very fresh feces, better **Cyst**: 4 nuclei (in large intestine) - small and uncharacteristic
35
Giardiosis
*Giardia duodenalis* - zoonosis - man, young animals, mainly dog - contaminated water - main source of disease - usually symptomless - poor growth despite normal appetite - **trophozoites** and **cyst** forms - throphozoites: pear shaped, 2 nuclei, 4 pairs of flagella - **Lugol solution** of **fresh** fecal smear - cyst: oval, 4 nuclei - ZnSO4
36
Trichomonas species:
- *Tritrichomonas foetus* -› cattle - *Trichomonas gallinae* -› poultry
37
Trichomonosis of cattle
*Tritrichomonas foetus* - bulls: usually symptomless carriers - cows: vaginitis, ascending endometritis, pyometra, vaginal discharge, anoestrus, abortion - early abortion: undeveloped, grey, pale and stinky - one flagellum backwards, three flagella forward - sample from prepuce of the bull - usually no treatment -› culling of the infected animals
38
Trichomonosis (*Tritrichomonas foetus* - cattle)
39
Trichomonosis of birds
*Trichomonas gallinae* - pigeons (!), turkeys, chickens - often infection through shared drinking bowl (especially if shared with pigeons) - necrotic lesions in the mouth and in the pharynx - lemon shaped, 4 flagella forward, one backwards - necrotic lesions in the liver, heart and air sacs
40
Lesions in case of trichomonosis in birds
- necrotic lesions in the mouth and in the pharynx - necrotic lesions in the liver (especially in young birds) - also lesions can be in the heart and air sacs
41
Trichomonosis of birds
*Trichomonas gallinae* - pigeons (!), turkeys, chickens - often infection through shared drinking bowl (especially if shared with pigeons) - necrotic lesions in the mouth and in the pharynx - lemon shaped, 4 flagella forward, one backwards - necrotic lesions in the liver, heart and air sacs
42
What species cause histomonosis? What are the most susceptible species?
*Histomonas meleagridis* Turkeys and guinea fowl !!!
43
What is special about life cycle of *Histomonas meleagridis*?
Neither flagellated form nor amoeboid form can survive in the outside -› uses parasitic nematode (round worm that can be found in the caecum of different species of poultry) because can survive inside of the egg of nematode -› 2 in 1 parasitic infection
44
Lesions in Histomonosis:
**Flagellated form** in **caecal lumen**: haemorrhages, necrotic caseous material in the lumen of caecum, wall thickened, pinpoint ulcers in the wall Amoeboid form: liver necrosis (**map-like necrosis**) - PAS staining
45
Histomonosis
("blackhead", infectious enterohepatitis) *Histomonas meleagridis* - turkeys (!), guinea fowl (!), chickens - loss of appetite, yellow feces, "blackhead" - cyanosis - PAS positivity and gram- - flagellated form - in caecal lumen - amoeboid form - in tissues - yellowish necrotic caseous material in the lumen of caecum, thickened wall, pinpoint ulcers in the wall - necrotic foci with sharp edges in the liver, dry cut surface - necrotic lesions in spleen, lung and kidneys
46
?
PAS staining of *Histomona meleagridis* in liver tissue **amoeboid form**
47
Entamoebosis
*Entamoeba histolytica* - anthropozoonis - man, young dog - bloody and mucous diarrhea, fever, digestion problems, abdominal pain - moving **trophozoites** - fresh fecal smear with Lugol solution - no cysts in feces of animal
48
Life cycle of Trypanosoma and Leishmania
49
?
Trypanosoma
50
*Trypanosoma*
51
?
Giardia

Parasitology 1 (11 decks)

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