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Health Promotion and Wellness > 2. THEORIES IN HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE PROMOTION AND HEALTH > Flashcards

2. THEORIES IN HEALTH BEHAVIOR CHANGE PROMOTION AND HEALTH Flashcards

1
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Emphasizes the interaction & interdependence between individual and environmental factors at all levels of a health problem.

A

ECOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Behavior affects and is affected by multiple levels of influence

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2
Q

Behavior Change Theories

autonomic dysreflexia develops in individuals with a neurologic level of spinal cord injury at or above the

A

sixth thoracic vertebral level (T6).

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3
Q

Behavior Change Theories

(ecological) determinants → behaviors → disease outcomes

example

A

no walkability area → sitting at home watching TV → obesity

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4
Q

Behavior Change Theories

5 levels of influence on health behavior

(key concept of the ecological perspective)

A

1. Individual/intrapersonal level (individual characteristics such as knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and personality traits)

2. Interpersonal level (family, peers, and friends)

  • Community level:

3. institutional factors: rules, regulations, policies

4. Community factors: social norms or standards

5. Public policy: local, state, federal

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5
Q

Behavior Change Theories

APPLYING THEORY TO PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT. Decision begins with a thorough assessment of the situation:

A
  1. Health problem: stress & anxiety
  2. Target population: 1st-year college students
  3. Type of behavior to be addressed: inactivity, {..}
  4. Environment: LIU Brooklyn Campus
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6
Q

Behavior Change Theories

An individual’s readiness to act and the decision to participate are based on an individual’s perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem, the benefits of avoiding the threat, and the factors influencing the decision to act (barriers, self-efficacy, etc)

A

HEALTH BELIEF MODEL

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7
Q

Behavior Change Theories

THEORIES – LEVELS OF INFLUENCE:

A
  • Individual/Intrapersonal level: Health belief model; Theory of planned behavior; Transtheoretical model (stages of change model)
  • Interpersonal level: social cognitive theory
  • Community level
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8
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Health Belief Model: six constructs influence one’s decision to act, to prevent, screen for, or control disease:

A
  1. Perceived susceptibility
  2. Perceived severity
  3. Perceived benefits
  4. Perceived barriers
  5. Cue to action
  6. Self-efficacy
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9
Q

Behavior Change Theories

It focuses on individual motivational factors as determinants of the likelihood of performing a specific behavior. It explores the relationship between behavior and beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intention. Behavioral intention determines the behavior

A

THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

or THEORY OF REASONED ACTION

(INDIVIDUAL/INTRAPERSONAL LEVEL)

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10
Q

Behavior Change Theories

uses stages of change to integrate processes and principles of change from across major theories of intervention.

A

The transtheoretical model

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11
Q

Behavior Change Theories

TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL STAGES OF CHANGE

A
  1. Precontemplation (not ready – have not thought about it)
  2. Contemplation (getting ready)
  3. Preparation (ready)
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
  6. *Termination
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12
Q

Behavior Change Theories

no intention to act in the near future (six months), due to lack of information or demoralization from past attempts.

A
  1. Pre-contemplation
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13
Q

Behavior Change Theories

intention to change in the near future (3-6 months); aware of pros and cons of changing.

A

stage 2: contemplation

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14
Q

Behavior Change Theories

intention to take action in the immediate future (1 month); have a plan of action

A

stage 3 preparation

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15
Q

Behavior Change Theories

overt action is taken within the last 6 months

A

stage 4 action

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16
Q

Behavior Change Theories

has changed behavior for more than 6 months. Working to prevent relapse; less temptation and more confidence.

A

stage 5 maintenance

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17
Q

Behavior Change Theories

no temptation with 100% self-efficacy

A

stage 6 termination

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18
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Core constructs of the transtheoretical model

A
  • Stages of change: temporal dimension – a process
  • Processes of change: covert and overt activities that unfold over time. people use to progress through the stages – they are important guides for intervention programs.
  • Decisional balance: weighing pros and cons of changing.
  • Self-efficacy: ability to successfully do something.
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19
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Processes of change:

A
  1. Consciousness raising – increasing awareness of facts related to the behavior.
  2. Dramatic relief – experiencing negative emotions related to the unhealthy behavior.
  3. Environmental reevaluation – realizing implications of the behavior on one’s social & physical environment.
  4. Social liberation – realizing that social norms are changing to support the healthy behavior.
  5. Self-reevaluation – realizing that the behavior change is an important part of one’s identity
  6. Stimulus control – removing reminders of unhealthy behavior & adding reminders of healthy behavior.
  7. Helping relationships – using social support for behavior change.
  8. Counter conditioning – substituting a healthy behavior for the unhealthy one.
  9. Reinforcement management – increasing rewards for positive behavior & decreasing those for unhealthy behavior
  10. Self-liberation – making a firm commitment to change
20
Q

Behavior Change Theories

the belief that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce the outcomes

A

SELF-EFFICACY

21
Q

Behavior Change Theories

the relative weight people assign to the pros and cons of a behavior influences their decisions about behavior changes

A

DECISIONAL BALANCE

Decisional balance is derived via a comparison of the strength of perceived pros of the target behavior with the perceived cons.

22
Q

Behavior Change Theories

___________ and ___________ leads to individual behavioral acts.

A

Decisional balance and self-efficacy

23
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Chronic behavioral patterns are under some combination of

A

biological, social, and self-control

Stage-matched interventions have been designed primarily to enhance self-control.

24
Q

Behavior Change Theories

When behaviors are strongly associated with socioeconomic and educational status it is important to address the

A

behavior’s role in the broader social and physical context

25
Q

Behavior Change Theories

A dynamic, on-going process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behavior exert influence on each other.

A

SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY

interpersonal level

26
Q

Behavior Change Theories

In the social cognitive model, the likelihood of a behavior change is determined by 3 factors:

A
  1. Self-efficacy
  2. Goals
  3. Outcomes expectations

(affected by the environment)

27
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Knowledge & skill to perform a behavior

A

Behavioral capability (self-efficacy)

28
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Dynamic interaction between person, behavior, and environment in which the behavior is performed.

A

Reciprocal determinism

(SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY CONSTRUCTS, INTERPERSONAL LEVEL)

29
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Behavior modeling – behavior acquisition that comes from watching the actions and outcomes of others

A

Observational learning

(Social Cognitive Theory)

30
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Confidence in one’s ability to take action

A

Self-efficacy

31
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Responses to the behavior that influence the likelihood of the behavior reoccurring.

A

Reinforcements

(Social Cognitive Theory)

32
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Explanatory theory describes the reasons why

A

a problem exists

It guides the search for factors that contribute to a problem (e.g., a lack of knowledge, self-efficacy, social support, or resources), and can be changed. Examples of explanatory theories include the Health Belief Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Precaution Adoption Process Model.

33
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Examples of explanatory theories include the

A

Health Belief Model, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Precaution Adoption Process Model.

34
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Change theory guides the

A

development of health interventions

Change theory helps program planners to be explicit about their assumptions for why a program will work. Examples of change theories include Community Organization and Diffusion of Innovations.

35
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Examples of change theories include

A

Community Organization and Diffusion of Innovations.

36
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Two key concepts of the ecological perspective help to identify intervention points for promoting health:

A
  1. first, behavior both affects, and is affected by, multiple levels of influence
  2. individual behavior both shapes, and is shaped by, the social environment (reciprocal causation).
37
Q

Behavior Change Theories

The second key concept (first being the levels of influence) of an ecological perspective is

A

reciprocal causation
suggests that people both influence, and are influenced by, those around them.

38
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Beliefs about the chances of getting a condition

A

Perceived susceptibility

39
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Beliefs about the seriousness of a condition and its consequences

A

Perceived severity

40
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Beliefs about the effectiveness of taking action to reduce risk or seriousness

A

Perceived benefits

41
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Beliefs about the material and psychological costs of taking action

A

Perceived barriers

42
Q

Behavior Change Theories

this theory along and the associated Theory of Reasoned Action explore the relationship between behavior and beliefs, attitudes, and intentions.

A

The Theory of Planned Behavior

Both the TPB and the TRA assume behavioral intention is the most important determinant of behavior.

43
Q

Behavior Change Theories

The Theory of Planned Behavior differs from the Theory of Reasoned Action in that it includes one additional construct:

A

perceived behavioral control

this construct has to do with people’s beliefs that they can control a particular behavior. Azjen and Driver added this construct to account for situations in which people’s behavior, or behavioral intention, is influenced by factors beyond their control. They argued that people might try harder to perform a behavior if they feel they have a high degree of control over it.

44
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Stages of change model AKA

A

transtheoretical model of change

45
Q

Behavior Change Theories

Social Cognitive Theory Constructs

A
  • Reciprocal determinism
    • Dynamic interaction between person, behavior, and environment in which the behavior is performed.
  • Behavioral capability
    • Knowledge & skill to perform a behavior.
      • Did pt understand why they are doing that HEP?
  • Expectations
    • Anticipated outcomes of a behavior.
  • Self-efficacy
    • Confidence in one’s ability to take action.
  • Observational learning
  • Behavior modeling –
    • behavior acquisition that comes from watching the actions and outcomes of others.
    • Hang out with those with the behaviors you want
  • Reinforcements
    • Responses to the behavior that influence the likelihood of the behavior recurring.
      • People telling you look good after stopped smoking

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