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Abnormal Psychology > 2 Stress and Mental Health > Flashcards

2 Stress and Mental Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What is stress?

A

External demands placed on an organism - organism’s internal biol. and psych. responses to demands

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2
Q

Distress (Selye - 1974)

A

Damaging or unpleasant stress (exam, breakup etc)

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3
Q

Eustress (Selye - 1979)

A

Positive stress resulting in pleasurable or satisfying experience (marriage, winning lotto)

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4
Q
  1. Alarm stage of GAS (4)
A
  • Appearance of stressor -
  • Release of hormones - blood glucose levels high
  • Flight or fight
  • Continued stress = next stage
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5
Q

Hormones released during alarm stage

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Cortisol

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6
Q
  1. Resistance stage of GAS
A
  • ANS returns to an above average normal functioning
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7
Q
  1. Exhaustion stage of GAS
A
  • Physical defences breakdown (i.e. immunological suppression
  • Resistance drops to below normal levels of resistance
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8
Q

3 categories of stress

A

Frustrations - conflicts and pressures

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9
Q

Frustrations

A

Caused by a wide range of obstacles

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10
Q

Conflicts

A

Result from the simultaneous occurrence of two or more needs or motives

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11
Q

Pressures

A

Force us to speed up or change the direction of goal-oriented behav.

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12
Q

Nature of a stressor can be

A
  • major stressor - catastrophe - daily hassles - acculturative stress (living in a diff. culture)
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13
Q

Stressor can be perceived as

A

changeable or fixed

acute vs chronic

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14
Q

Factors creating predisposition to stress (6)

A
  • Nature of stressor
  • experience of crisis
  • life changes
  • individual perception of stressor
  • individual stress tolerance
  • lack of external resources and social supports
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15
Q

Factors predisposing a person to stress (2)

A
  • past experiences of stress

- Individual characteristics

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16
Q

Egs of past experiences of stress

A

History of life stressors
Effects of cumulative stress
past coping patterns

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17
Q

Individual characteristics of those who are able to deal with stress effectively (5)

A
  • sense of control
  • self-esteem
  • optimism
  • hardiness
  • social support
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18
Q

Key characteristics of stress (6)

A 
Severity 
Chronicity
Timing
Degree of impact
level of expectation
controllability
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19
Q

Effects of stress on behaviour (3)

A
  • drug abuse (smoking alcohol)
    Eating habits get worse
    Tendencies towards violence
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20
Q

Effects of stress on the nervous and endocrine systems (2)

A
  • blood pressure and heart rate

- lipids and sugar levels

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21
Q

Effects of severe stress (5)

A
  • lowered efficacy
  • depletion of adaptive resources
  • wear and tear on biol. system
  • Severe personality and physical deterioration
  • death
22
Q

Stress and DSM-1 (1952)

A

Gross stress reaction - became PTSD in DSM-III

23
Q

Role stress plays in psychopathology

A
  • Specific stressors are identified at the time just preceding psychopathology
  • stress can exacerbate psychological conditions.
  • Stress can maintain psychological conditions
24
Q

DSM-5 disorders and stress (3)

A
  • Adjustment disorders
  • Acute stress disorder
  • post traumatic stress disorder
25
Q

Psychological Trauma

A

Caused by an external event that affects internal psychological phenomena at multiple levels - consciously and unconsciously
- Person’s assumptions about the world have been shattered and must be rebuilt

26
Q

Adjustment Disorder DSM-5 Diag. categories

A
  • Symptoms within 3 months of a clear stressor
  • Once stressor has been terminated symptoms do not persist for more than 6-months
  • Can specify anxiety, depression, mixed etc (predominance)
27
Q

Accute Stress Disorder (ASD) DSM-5

A
  • Duration of symptoms 3 days to 4 weeks within 4 weeks of cessation of stressor
  • greater emphasis of dissociation
  • If symptoms last longer - PTSD
28
Q

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

A
  • duration longer than 1 month
29
Q

Criteria for AD (A)

A

a) The development of emotional or behav. symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s)

30
Q

Clinical significance component of criteria for AD (2)

A

1 - Marked distress out of proportion to the severity or intensity of stress (taking into account external context and cultural factors)
2 - Significant impairment in social, occupational or other areas of functioning

31
Q

What must AD not be

A

bereavement or another mental disorder or exacerbation of mental disorder

32
Q

Stressors typically causing AD

A

Unemployment

divorce or separation

33
Q

Female vs male likelihood of AD (adulthood)

A

females twice as likely to get AD diagnosis - not true for childhood and adolescent pops

34
Q

Prevalence rate of AD in child, adolescent and elderly pops

A

2 - 8 %

35
Q

AD prevalence outpatient hosp. settings

A

10 - 30 %

36
Q

AD prevalence in specialised pops (following cardiac surgery etc)

A

> 50 %

37
Q

Prevalence of ASD in individuals who have experienced severe trauma

A

14 - 33 %

38
Q

What is the prev. of ASD in gen. pop?

A

Not known

39
Q

a) DSM criteria for ASD

A

a) exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violation in one or more ways

40
Q

ASD exposure can occur (4)

A
  • through direct experience of traumatic events
  • witnessing the events occurring to others
  • learning that events occurred to close family member or friend (must have been violent or accidental)
  • Experience repeated or extreme exposure to adverse events
41
Q

ASD symptom categories (5)

A

Intrusion, negative mood, dissociation, avoidance and arousal

42
Q

ASD/PTSD : How many symptoms from the categories must be present

A

9 or more

43
Q

Depersonalisation

A

Seeing oneself from another’s perspective

44
Q

Problems with original PTSD criteria

A

1) Trauma not as rare as though (60 % of men and 50 % women experience situations pot. traumatic

45
Q

ASD and PTSD Stressors in DSM-5

A

Direct/ witnessed: military combat, injuries etc

46
Q

Incidents with highest lifetime prevalence PTSD (4)

A
  • Massive catastrophic trauma (combat etc)
  • Sexual assault
  • Interpersonal assault violence
  • sudden loss of a loved one
47
Q

Lifetime prevalence rate of PTSD in the US

A

6.8 %

48
Q

Women vs men prevalence PTSD

A

Higher rates in women despite men being more likely to be exposed (to traumatic events)

49
Q

Prevention of Stress Disorders

A
  • preparation of individual prior to stressor (success in military)
50
Q

Treatment strategies for stress disorders

A
  • psychoeducation - anger management

Abnormal Psychology (8 decks)

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