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Neuroscience Exam 3 > 2 Smell and Taste > Flashcards

2 Smell and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

what is defined as the process which a sensory receptor is stimulated, producing nerve impulses (action potentials) that travel to the brain?

A

sensation

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2
Q

what occurs when the brain interprets impulses as a visual image, a sound, taste, odor, touch, or pain?

A

sensation

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3
Q

what is defined as a CNS process when the brain organizes the sensation and then begins the process of translation and interpretation

A

perception

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4
Q

what occurs when the brain processes information to give meaning to it, by means of identification, meanings, emotions, memories, etc.

A

perception

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5
Q

what is the preferred energy form of a receptor; its adequate stimulus

A

specific modality

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6
Q

what is the minimum stimulus needed to achieve an action potential

A

stimulus threshold

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7
Q

what is the physical location where sensory cells/neurons are activated

A

receptive fields

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8
Q

what is the activation of sensory receptor cells and their primary, or first order neurons (except sound)

A

coding stimulus locations

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9
Q

how does the brain localize sound

A

brain uses encoded APs timing/intensity differences from each ear to localize sound

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10
Q

what are the number of receptors activated and the frequency, or rate of action potentials (AP) per unit timie

A

coding stimulus inttensiity

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11
Q

what is the length of time that action potentials are generated, regardless of the frequency of APs

A

coding stimulus duration

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12
Q

what is a 1:1 association of receptor with sensation

A

labeled line coding

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13
Q

regardless of the stimulus, activating a particular ___ results in the sensation/perception that receptor’s adequate stimulus

A

labeled line

(bascially, when a particular population of neurons is active, the conscious perception is of a specific stimulus, regardless of the actual stimulus)

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14
Q

do labeled lines of the senses have a specific topographic projection to the cerebrum?

A

YES

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15
Q

what is a neuron(s) reduction and/or elimination of APs from neighboring neurons in a sensory neuron pathway

A

lateral inhibiition/inhibitory modulation

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16
Q

what enhances contrast and makes stimulus encoding more precise?

A

lateral inhibition/inhibitory modulation

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17
Q

what occurs when multiple receptors function together to encode quality, spatial, temporal characteristics of a stimulus

A

population coding

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18
Q

what type of coding is limited tto any single sensory system and not limited to a single sensory modality

A

population coding

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19
Q

what does the Chick-Fil-A example represent

A

population encoding of the 5 taste modalities to encode quality and hedonic value of complex tastant

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20
Q

___ continue to fire as long as the stimulus is maintained.

A

tonic receptors

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21
Q

___ monitor the presence and intensity of a stimulus

A

tonic receptors

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22
Q

___ respond to stimulus changes; they stop responding (e.g. APs) to a sustained stimulus

A

phasic receptors

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23
Q

what occurs when many sensory receptors give information (e.g. NTs) to a smaller number of neural cells? example?

A

neuronal convergence

e.g. olfactory neurons converging onto a single glomerulus

24
Q

receptor type for smell

A

chemoreceptor

25
Q

modality/ligand for smell

A

volatile, lipid soluble molecules:

Esters, terpenes, aromatics, amines (remember: give me the TEAA!!!)

26
Q

embryonic origin of smell receptors

A

olfactory placode and neural crest

27
Q

what neurons regenerate?

A

Olfactory neurons

No other neuron, where in PNS or CNS can regenerate

28
Q

receptor type for taste

A

chemoreceptors

29
Q

modalities/ligand for taste

A

water soluble molecules:

  1. sweet - sucrose, aspartame
  2. umami - glutamate
  3. bitter - quinine, phenylthiorea
  4. sour - H+
  5. salty - Na+
30
Q

how do the taste receptors detect SWEETNESS

A

sucrose, aspartame

31
Q

how do the taste receptors detect UMAMI

A

glutamate

32
Q

how do the taste receptors detect BITTERNESS

A

quinine, phenylthiourea

33
Q

how do the taste receptors detect SOURNESS

A

H+

34
Q

how do the taste receptors detect SALTY

A

Na+

35
Q

what is the embryonic origin for taste receptors

A

neuroepithelial

36
Q

what neuron constantly regenerates due to short life but only if innervation to the neuron is maintained

A

taste receptors - the axons regeneratet

37
Q

olfactory signal transduction cascade

A
  1. odor molecules bind to GPCR
  2. starts a signal transduction cascade that activates G-alpha protein (G olf), increasing adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations
  3. Cyclic Nucleotide Gated (CNG) cation channels are opened, causing an influx of Ca+ and Na+ charge into receptor neuron
  4. intracellular increase of + charge depolarizes olfactory neuron and generates APs (Ca2+ mediate Cl- eflux)
38
Q

T/F: a single olfactory neuron only expresses a single GPCR

A

TRUE

39
Q

while only 1/500 expresses a single GPCR, what happens to the other 499?

A

the other are repressed (chromatin remodeling) epigenetic changes)

40
Q

all olfactory neurons that express the same GPCR will send axons where? this is an example of what?

A

to the same glomerulus in the olfactory bulb

e.g. of labeled line coding

41
Q

what are the basic molecular, anatomical, developmental and functional unit for odor mapping and odor processing

A

glomeruli of the olfactory bulb

42
Q

what helps create odor maps of encoded olfactory stimulation to account for discrimination of an estimated 1 trillion distinct odors in human olfaction

A

INHIBITOR MODULATION (e.g. lateral inhibition) in olfatory bulb

AND

population coding of individual LABELED LINES

43
Q

taste buds contain what types of cells

A

Type I, II, and III taste cells

44
Q

type II cell signal

A
  1. GPCR and G-alpha protein called GUSDUCIN for signal transduction
  2. different Na channel (compared to smell) activated by increased Ca2+ (Phospholipase c PLC and inositol triphosphate IP3)
  3. increased intracellular Ca2+ and cell depolarization activate GAP JUNCTION HEMICHANNELS allowing ATP to move out the cell (non-selective cation channel)
  4. ATP acts as a NT to generate APs in taste neuron
45
Q

When ATP acts as a NT to generate AP in taste neurons, what type of signaling is this?

A

purinergic signaling (Type II taste cells)

46
Q

what cell uses a different transduction mechanisms and synapses directly with taste neurons to generate action potentials? this is an example of what?

A

Type III taste cells - serotonergic signaling

47
Q

taste info encoded in the AP of gustatory neurons include:

A

intensity, quality, hedonic value, and behavior

48
Q

there is strong support for ___ of taste quality and behavior in less cerebral animals, despite the fact that neurophysiologic recordings of taste neurons (APs) support population coding of tastant stimuli

A

labeled line coding

49
Q

how many olfactory nerve cell receptor proteins

A

~1000 GPCRs

50
Q

what is the effect on cell receptor potential of olfactory nerve cells

A

depolarization

51
Q

what is the effect on cell receptor potential of taste receptor cells

A

depolarization

52
Q

what is the NT effect of olfactory nerve cells

A

INCREASE glutamate

53
Q

what is the NT effect of taste receptor cells

A

INCREASE ATP
INCREASE SEROTONIN

54
Q

ascending CNS pathway for smell

A

CN I -> olfactory bulb -> olfactory cortex -> (parallel) thalamus and limbic system (hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala)

55
Q

ascending CNS pathway for taste

A

CN VII, IX, and X -> medulla (thru solitary tract nucleus) -> thalamus -> (parallel) gustatory cortex and limbic system

56
Q

when the CNS pathways for smell and taste relay to the limbic system, sensory inputs are relayed to motor outputs in the form of what?

A

reflex arcs (e.g. salivary reflex)

Neuroscience Exam 3 (7 decks)

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