2 - retina Flashcards
what is macula?
centre of retina
- has highest quality vision at fovea
what is OCT?
optical coherence tomography = it’s investigation similar to ultrasound where you scan eye and get picture of retina where can can see macula, fovea etc
what are the 2 types of diabetic eye disease?
retinopathy (non proliferative & proliferative) and maculopathy (observable or treatable)
*maculopathy = damage to macula (centre of retina where most vision)
retinopathy = damage to entire retina
what is proliferative retinopathy?
= severe disease where you’re usually losing vision
caused by: vitreous haemorrhage, retinal or neurovascular glaucoma (aqueous drainage not working)
what is retinal vein occlusion?
when atherosclerotic plaque travelling in artery which shares sheath with vein - ends up occluding vein
what is treatment of maculopathy?
anti-VEGF (dries out fluid at back of eye) - helps vision
= it’s a repeated treatment
what is non proliferative retinopathy?
signs like cotton wool spots, blot haemorrhages, microaneurysms, venous changes (dilation)
= it’s usually asymptomatic & only treated with pan retinal photocoagulation if severe
what is maculopathy?
it’s a symptomatic (since macula main vision) complication of diabetes
signs of hard exudates (lipid depositions from leaky vessels) & microaneurysms
what is treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
pan retinal photocoagulation = where you laser peripheral retina to preserve central sight
what is presentation of retinal vein occlusion?
painless loss of vision
on fundoscopy - signs like cotton wool spots, haemorrhages, dilated blood vessels & macular oedema
what are the classifications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
NVD = neurovascular disc
NVE = neurovascular elsewhere
NVI = neurovascular iris
what is retinal artery occlusion presentation?
painless loss of vision
signs = pale retina, attenuated blood vessels & cherry red spot (which is fovea)
what is treatment of retinal vein occlusion?
anti-VEGF & pan retinal photocoagulation
how do you treat retinal artery occlusion?
treat like a stroke
who gets macular degeneration? classifications?
it’s what happens in old people
2 classifications = dry & wet
dry = less aggressive & sightseeing, more common, no treatment
wet = aggressive & sight threatening, treat with antii-VEGF
what is geographic atrophy?
it’s when drusum deposits make yellow scar in macula
what are 3 types of retinal detachement?
- rhegmatogenous (hole in retina, fluid goes through & peels back)
- tractional (scar tissue lifts up retina)
- exudative (tumour/inflammation exudes fluid lifting retina)
what are risk factors for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment?
- myopia (can’t see far away)
- cataract surgery
- trauma
what are the classical 3 symptoms of retinal detachment?
- floaters (pigmented cells in vitreous humour)
- flashing lights (retina moving around)
- shadow in vision (seeing shadow of detached retina)
what is treatment of retinal detachment?
vitrectomy surgery = to remove vitreous humour
