2 Protest and Personal Freedom Flashcards
1
Q
Protest and personal freedom
what encouraged other protest movements? what did students target?
A
- black civil rights movement helped inspire other groups
- Students targetted:
1. restrictive university authorities
2. black inequality
3. vietnam war (most protest)
4. older americans also participated in 1969
2
Q
student protest
How did Kennedy aid student protest? What aided other student protest?
4 points
A
In July 1960, he urged Americans to face the challenges posed by issues such as peace and prejudice.
- students demanded peace in vietnam
- CRM inspired students
- they resented college authorities who supported vietnam and didnt respect them
3
Q
student protest
SDS and the New Left
A
student democratic society established in 1960 By Tom Hayden and other Michigan University students who were inspired by 1930s socialists
4
Q
student protest
1962 Port Huron Michigan events
A
- SDS, SNCC, CORE, Student Peace Union
- called on students to change the political/social system to liberate minorities
- they called for a ‘participatory democracy’
- they gained national attention in april 1965 with their anti-vietnam demonstration in washington where 25,000 marched.
- Johnson escalated the war
5
Q
student protest
Berkeley free speech movement 1964
key individuals, numbers, results.
A
- Mario Savio wanted to raise money for the SNCC, but Berkeley university didnt allow political activity or discussion on campus
- thousands of students occupied the admin building until the police made 800 arrests.#
- slogan ‘you cant trust anyone over 30’
- 1965 a student arrested for displaying the word ‘fuck’
6
Q
student protest
significance of the BFSM
A
- nationwide student protest
- criticsied unis for being impersonal, bureaucratic and excessively regulatory
- anti-war students disliked universities for taking paid research from gov defencce agencies
7
Q
student protest
Vietnam War; key events
A
Geneva 1954: french colonists agreed to exit Vietnam, which was to be divided into a temporary communist north and non-communist south
- Eisenhower supported the anti communist ‘south vietnam’
- Determined to maintain this anti communist state, Kennedy sent 20,000 ‘advisers’ to South Vietnam
- escalation occured, Johnson began bombing North Vietnam in 1964 and sent troops to South Vietnam in 1965
- By 1968 there were 500,000 US soldiers there
8
Q
student protest
what caused antiwar protest
A
- fear of the draft
9
Q
antiwar protest
1959 Student Peace Union protest
A
staged a protest outside the white house in 1961 against the testing of nuclear waepons
- 3000 members by 1962
10
Q
student protest
May 1964 Yale students NYC protest
A
- 1000 yale students staged a protest march in NYC
11
Q
student protest
how many participated in the berkeley ‘teach ins’
A
- 20,000
12
Q
student protest
1967 New Lefts National Mobilization Committee to End the War (the MOBE) protest as part of Stop the Draft Week .
A
- protest in washington
- 100,000 attended
- draft cards publicly burned
- Berkely radicals tried to close down Oakland draft HQ, 2000 police attacked them, and they retaliated with violence and vandalism
13
Q
student protest
columbia university protest, 1968
A
- students opposed universities involvement in weapons research
- opposed relationship between university and Harlem and its black and hispanic populations, since 1958 Columbia Univeristys expansion programmes led to the eviction of thousands of harlem residents :(
- 1968 the uni planned to construct a gym in a public park, the harlem students would have to go through a seperate door toe enter
- ‘gym crow’
- 17000 columbia students participated
- seizing 5 university buildings and covering walls w pictures of malcolm /karl marx
- police clubbed and arrested 692 people
- gym never constructed
14
Q
student protest
assessment of student protest: succeesses?
A
- berkeley got free speech
- defence contracts in columbia ended
15
Q
student protest
assessment of student protest: failure?
A
- opposition to american materialism ineffective
- students promotion of violence damaged american liberal tradition
- helped a conservative reaction, got nixon into the white house in november 1968
16
Q
the counterculture
roots of hippie culture
A
- beat generation
- rejected traditional american values
- communal living and harmony <33333
- listened to ‘all you need is love’ by the beatles
17
Q
the counterculture
San Francisco’s Haight-Ashbury
A
- group of alienated young people moved here
- wearing indian kaftans
- smoking cannabis, adopting new names such as Coyote and Apache, and growing their hair
- 100,000 hippies visited Haight-Ashbury
18
Q
the counterculture - haight-ashbury
events in 1967 that gained national attention?
A
- human be-in: thousands met to celebrate freedom, communal living, and the environment (allen ginsburg attended)
- summer of love: tens of thousand sfo followers from all over america, time magazine predicted 300,000 hippies
19
Q
the counterculture
woodstock
A
- NY in 1969
- ‘make love not war’
- Joan Baez, Jefferson Airplane, Jimi Hendrix performance of national anthem attracted crisitcism for those who interpreted use of feedback/distortion as bomb sounds as an anti-war statement
20
Q
the counterculture
sex and drugs!
A
contemporary consensus: hippies enjoted sex more often/openly
- 1967 Reagan summed it up as ‘sex, drugs, and treason’
- cannabis, LSD, heroin popular.
- harvard university eg. Timothy Leary discovered shrooms on a visit to Mexico and openly advocated drug use in his Psychedelic Review advising students to ‘turn on, tune in, drop out’
21
Q
the counterculture
the diggers
A
- wanted to END capitalism
- organised free concerts, free food, meidcal care, transportation
- 1966: in a happening they paraded a coffin through San Francisco crying ‘the death of money’
- the yrejected counterculture, which tehy said had been taken over by the media
22
Q
the counterculture
the significance of the hippies
A
- faded by 1970s
- drew attention to eastern philosophy
- contributed to liberalisation of sex/drugs
- triggered a conserbative reaction
- less important than anti-war preosts
23
Q
the growth of the women’s movement
inequality: what brought it to attention?
+ some statistics ;o
A
- world war 2
- 1963 most women were in paid jobs such as waitresses, cleaners, shop assistants, secretaries
- employers were sexist: Eg. congresswoman martha griffiths scolded an airline that fired stewardesses when they were married or reached 32
- 80% of teachers women, but only 10% of principals
- 7% of doctos were women
- 3% lawyers
- 18 states refused to allow female jurors
- schools expelled pregnant girls and fired pregnant teachers
24
Q
the growth of the women’s movement
daniel patrick moynihan (leading figure in the nixon administration), admitted what?
quote ;0
A
‘male dominance is so deeply a part of american life males dont even notice it.’
25
# the growth of the women's movement
the impact of other protest movements
- showed protest could bring legislative reforms
- SNCC and the SDS were sexist, in **1964** women contributed to 33% of SDS members but only 6% of their leadership
- anti-war protestors became feminists, in early **1968** hundreds of women attended an antiwar meeting in Washington then marched to Arlington National Cemetery and staged a mock 'burial of traditional womanhood'
26
# the growth of the women's movement
**Betty Friedan** and domesticity
- culture portrayed women as stupid, and submissive.
- some women took refuge in tranquilisers, which the quanity doubled between **1958-1959**
- Friedan wrote *the feminine mystique* **1963** urging women to break out of traditionand fulfil their potential through education and work
27
# the growth of the women's movement
establishment of the **NOW**
**1966** - established because th Equal Opportunities Commission refused to enforce **title VII** of the **1964 Civil Rights Act** which banned discrimination on the grounds of sex.
28
# the growth of the women's movement
tactics to counter the EOCs refusal to enforce Title VII of the 1964 civil rights act.
1. **litigation**; the NOW represented Lorean Weeks, who said the Southern Bell company had contravened the **1964** civil rights act as they denied her application for promotion to switchman because women would not be able to lift 30 pounds. the NOW won in **1969** after several appeals
2. **political pressure:** produced a Bill of Rights for Women **1968**
3. **public information campaigns;** **1967** the NOW helped gain national attention for the flight attendents fight against sexist airline advertisements
4**. protests**: **eg. 1970** NOW organised a natioanl strike for equality, 100,000 supported and thousands marched
29
# the growth of the women's movement
from womens rights to womens liberation:what was it?
| +*Key individuals ;0*
- put a new emphasis on publicising and opposing sexist opression
- key individuals: **Jo freeman, Shulasmith Firestone and Ti-Grace Atkinson**
30
# the growth of the women's movement
**1967** Freeman/Firestone National Conference of New Politics in Chicago
- their resolution to gender inequality was told by conference director **william pepper** that it didnt merit floor discussion
- this encouraged Freeman's production of a newsletter *voice of the women's liberation movement* which encouraged nationwide groups
31
# the growth of the women's movement
'womens lib' support
first national meeting of womens liberation activists was held in chicago.
- it was a 'younger branch which 'prides itself on its lack of organisation' (**freeman**)
- complementary to the NOW
- 'consciousness raising' meetings were held in colleges and the community
- **1960**, 1/4 of women polled said they felt discriminated against, but **1974** it had reached 2/3
32
# the growth of the women's movement
Firestone's group
the New York Radical Feminists which held consciousness-raising meetings on the issue of male subordination of females
- the wrote *the dialetic of sex* in **1970**
33
# the growth of the women's movement
Atkinson and the Feminists
- she felt the NOW was not radical enough and left in **1968**
- setup the feminists in NYC
- emphasised that the sexual revolution only benefitted men more than women
- she was critical of marriage and porn
34
# the growth of the women's movement
disunity in the womens movement
- some NOW members felt Firestone/Atkinson made the public less sympathetic
- **1968** a group of over 100 women disrupted the swim parade at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City with a stink bomb and crowned a live sheep as 'miss america'
- some female activists disagreed with abortion
- radicalesbians resented lack of support from the NOW for lesbian women
35
# the growth of the women's movement
government response
- **1967** Johnson. Executive order banned gender discrimination by federal contractors
- NOW won £13m in backpay for women as a result of 1000 discrimination cases.
- Both houses agreed to the ERA in **1972** but Nixon opposed it, and abortion
- he vetoed the **1971** Child Development Act which wouldve established a national system of childcare centres for poor working mothers
36
# the growth of the women's movement
supreme court cases **1969, 1971**
*weeks v. Southern Bell*
*reed v. reed*: court ruled Idaho's insistence that 'males must be preferred to females
in terms of adminsitration of the estates of the decreases was unconstitutionally ruled.
37
# sexual liberalisation
number of couples who lived together **1955-1980**
**1955**: 250,000
**1980**: 2m
38
# sexual liberalisation
premarital sex opinion
- the % of single white women who had sex was around 25% in the mid 1950s, but more than doubled by **1972**
- **1969**. 74% of women said they felt premarital sex was wrong, by **1973** it was 53%
39
# sexual liberalisation
pop culture examples of sexual liberalisation (limitations + openness)
1. New York City tv station cancelled programme on 'a sexual revolution'
2. married coupele in the popular *the Dick Van Dyke Show* **1961-1966** assigned seperate beds seperated by a nightstand
3. **1968** the broadway show *hair* celebrated sexual freedom
40
# sexual liberalisation
the kinsey reports **1948-1952**
1. 68% of males and 50% of females engaged in premarital sex
2. 37% of males and 13% of women had at least 1 homosexual experience
3. 8% of males and 4% of females had had some kind of sex with animal.s.. wahrt
- reflected liberalisation of sexual behaviour
- sped up after the **1960** PILL!!! ;0
41
# sexual liberalisation
developments in birth control and abortion
*Griswold v. Connecticut* **1965**: married couples could not be refused contraception
**1974** doctors could no longer refuse birth control to unmarried adults for 'moral reasons'
**1973** Abortion made legal
42
# sexual liberalisation
impact!
- sex was explored and given coverage by pop culture
- many individuals felt they had been freed from the victorian 'moral code'
- liberals saw an upward trajectory, but conservatives bemoaned the 'permissive society' as contributing to the breakdown of the traditional family unit
43
# the origins of gay rights
homophobia post ww2
- same-sex activbity was illegal
- homosexuals considered perverted
- often expelled or fired
- american psychiatric institute classified homosexuality as **menal illness until 1974**
44
# the origins of gay rights
**1951** group of homosexual men in LA established the first...
mattachine society to promote equality
- mattachine societies in the **1960s** encouraged emulating the black CRM and the black power movement
- authorities remained intolerant
45
# the origins of gay rights
the stonewall riots
- **1969**: homosexuals at the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village fought back against police harrassment
- this triggered 5 days of rioting where hundreds participated
- increased assertiveness led to SLOWLY changing attitudes
- but, not legislation had been attained yet
46
# the origins of gay rights
lesbian assertiveness
- kate millett participated in CORE actvisim then joined the NOW in **1966**, and then she moved to the Radicalesbians and the New York Radical Women
- *sexual politics* **1970** book critricised the patriarchy and traditional families.
- another early member of the NOW, Ti-Grace Atkinson was the first to use the phrase 'feminism is the theory, lesbianism is the practice'
- many NOW members feared equating womens rights and lesbian would damage their cause
- from **1971** the NOW began to acknowledge lesbian rights as a feminist issue
