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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 2 > 2 – Production Systems > Flashcards

2 – Production Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Pig flow systems (2)

A
  • Continuous flow (CF)
  • All-in-all-out (AIAO)
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2
Q

Continuous flow

A
  • Large airspace: comingled ages (dynamic population)
  • Multiple weeks of production within one room
  • Pigs enter and exit airspace on weekly basis
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3
Q

All-in-all-out (AIAO)

A
  • Compartmentalized
  • Usually 1 room per week of production (static population)
  • Emptied and sanitized between batches
  • *fundamental principle of health control
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4
Q

AIAO by room

A
  • Within each nursery or finisher building, pigs should be SEGREGATED BY AGE (each production week in a separate room)
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5
Q

AIAO by site

A
  • If pigs from multiple barns are MIXED OR COMINGLED at entry, AIAO by site provides superior disease control
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6
Q

Farrow to Finish Operation: ‘flow’

A
  • Breed-gestation
  • Farrow and nursery
  • Finisher
  • Market hogs and breeding stock
  • *all same building but different rooms within each section
  • *still same airspace and always walking inside
  • Feed mill providing feed
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7
Q

Two-site multiple source system

A
  • Specialize: breeding, gestation, farrowing and nursery
  • Go to assembly yard (auction mart)
  • Someone buys them and finish them
  • *WORST FOR BIOSECURITY
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8
Q

Two-site single source system

A
  • Specialized barn: breeding gestation, farrowing +/- nursery)
  • Finishing +/- nursery site
    o *grow to finish OR wean to finish
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9
Q

Three-site single source system (segregated weaning)

A
  • Breeding gestation, farrow site
  • Nursery site with many rooms
  • Finisher site with many rooms
  • *highly secure with high biosecurity
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10
Q

Three-site multi-source system (Isowean)

A
  • Stage 1: Breeding, gestation, farrow sites (multiple sites of various sizes)
  • Stage 2: nurseries: filled in 1 week
  • Stage 3: shipped to US finisher sites, filled in 1-2 weeks
  • *weekly production batch (still mixing piglets pre-weaning, but after weaning=not mixed again)
  • *minimize POST-weaning diseases)
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11
Q

Parity segregated system

A
  • Separation of parity 1 progeny from parity 2+ progeny
  • Improves health status and performance of nursery and finisher pigs
    o Young sows=shed higher pathogens levels
    o Older sow=produce higher quality colostrum following natural exposure and vaccination
  • Must maintain separate NGF (nursery, growth, finishers) for slaughter progeny of P1 and P2+ sows
  • Feasible in large systems only
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12
Q

Pig ‘hotels’ in China

A
  • African swine fever pandemic (lost 30% of herd)
  • *multi-story: saves space
  • Hard to know what would happen if a disease broke out
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13
Q

Gestation stalls: ‘regulations’

A
  • Can be in stalls for up to 28 days post breeding: to PREVENT early pregnancy lost
    o Minimize stress
    o Eating properly
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14
Q

Gestation housing

A
  • Stalls
  • Grouping pens
  • *how do you determine if provides adequate welfare?
  • *FREE FARROWING
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15
Q

Free- farrowing

A
  • Stalls so could isolate sows if needed
    o But can go in and out if wants to protect herself and can still get enough food
  • *protected sows but can also interact with each other
  • Piglets will feel safer to feed within the stalls and with their own moms
  • Already with their mates and will stay together (GREAT BIOSECURITY)
  • Less stressful for weaning
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16
Q

Stalled housing

A
  • Adopted to REDUCE AGRESSION and improve FEEDING CONSISTENCY compared to group pens
  • Best system to PREVENT AGRESSION
  • Proposed ban in Canada after 35d gestation by 2029 (unless adequate and regular EXERCISE can be provided)
17
Q

Group housing

A
  • More difficult to assess welfare than stalls
  • NUMEROUS and VARIABLE
    o May have access to outside pasture, shed, or bedding
    o ‘dynamic’ vs. ‘static’ groups
    o Aggression at mixing and feeding
    o Time of mixing varies
  • *AD LIB FEEDING via self feeders is NOT possible for gestation sows
18
Q

Unbiased assessment of housing systems: based on welfare requirements

A
  1. Freedom of movement
  2. Freedom form aggression
  3. Control over individual feed intake
  4. Provision of environmental enrichment
  5. Provision & layout of static space
19
Q

Freedom of movement:

A
  • Control to SELECT an appropriate micro-environment
  • Provides opportunity for EXERCISE
  • Superior performance
20
Q

Advantages of increased movement

A
  • Increased muscle size and tone in group sows
  • Shorter farrowing’s
  • Lower culling rate
21
Q

Freedom from aggression

A
  • Virtually eliminated in STALLED HOUSING
  • Major reason for adopting stalled housing
22
Q

Aggression in GROUP housed systems

A
  • Follows re-grouping and feeding
  • Considered short-term stress (similar to that following REGROUPING of weaned or grower pigs)
  • Eased by providing sufficient space for ESCAPE
  • REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE: more likely to be adversely affected if mixed during pre-implantation or if pens are dynamic
23
Q

Control over individual feed intake

A
  • Can control amount fed and diet composition
  • Nutrient intake is based on INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
24
Q

Individual nutritional needs of sow/gilt dependent on

A
  • Maintenance: based on metabolic BW)
  • Growth of dam
  • Production: fetal growth, lactation
25
Q

Stalls: control over individual feed intake

A
  • Safe and separate feeding space but systems need oversite
  • Drops are volumetric
  • Amout varies depending on density of feed
  • Must calibrate feed drops
  • Generally one diet per barn or production site
  • Feeding more than one diet type=not usually feasible
26
Q

Group housing: control over individual feed intake

A
  • Floor drops: 1-8 feedings/day
    o Aggression drops as feeding frequency increases
  • Electronic sow feeders
    o Aggression focused at beginning of 24 hour feed period
27
Q

Feeding systems in groups systems

A
  • Floor feeding (drop feeding)
  • Walk-in feed stalls
  • Electronic sow feeders (ESF)
28
Q

Floor feeding

A
  • Feed usually dropped 1-2 times per day
  • Increased frequency per day may decrease aggression
  • Fighting level higher in smaller group sizes
  • DOMINANT sows always monopolize feed
    o Submissive sows wait
29
Q

Walk-in feed stalls

A
  • Full sized feeding stalls in pens
  • Large loafing area behind sows
  • May be equipped with ‘lock in’ stall
  • STANDARD VOLUME of fed to each sow in group (top-up feed can be given manually)
  • Sows SORTED BY WEEK OF BREEDING
  • Sows may rest in stalls or in loafing area=choice
30
Q

Electronic sow feeders (ESF)

A
  • GREATEST CONTROL over individual feed intake
  • Computer controls WEIGHT of diet fed daily
  • Daily allowances can be ADJUSTED based on gestation state and body condition
  • Technically complex
  • ELECTRONIC ID (tags) can be lost/eaten
  • NO REDUCTION IN LABOUR to operate system
31
Q

Provision of environmental enrichment

A
  • Straw or shavings for bedding
  • Novel manipulatable objects
32
Q

Straw or shavings for bedding

A
  • Thermoregulation
  • Reducing hunger
  • Protection from floor
  • Increased activity level: manipulation occupies time
  • *can be a problem for manure systems
33
Q

Provision of static space requirements: stalls

A
  • 60% of time spent lying laterally during last 2 weeks of pregnancy
  • Minimum sizes outlined
  • Most traditional stalls=too small
  • *sows need to exercise everyday (controversial)
34
Q

Provision of static space requirements: group housed

A
  • Floor plan and SPACE allowance per sow=critical
  • Distinct areas need for FEEDING, SLEEPING, DUNGING and EXERCISE

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 2 (17 decks)

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