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ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 2 > 2/3 – Year in Life of a Sheep Flock > Flashcards

2/3 – Year in Life of a Sheep Flock Flashcards

1
Q

Production targets: lambs born per ewe and lambs weaned

A
  • Lambs born per ewe: 2
  • Lambs weaned: 1.7
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2
Q

Production targets: fertility

A
  • 90%
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3
Q

Production targets: lamp crops per year

A
  • 1.5 (hard to do)
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4
Q

Production targets: average daily gain

A
  • 0.3-0.5kg/day
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5
Q

Production targets: age at first lambing

A
  • 1 year
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6
Q

Production targets: lamb mortality

A
  • 5%
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7
Q

How long is gestation?

A
  • 5 months (145 days)
  • *need to consider if it will be a convenient time to lamb their ewes
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8
Q

When do you want to lamb?

A
  • Work backwards from when you want to sell
  • How long will it take for them to get to that weight?
  • Consider if it is a convenient time to lamb the ewes
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9
Q

Start organizing yourself 6 weeks prior to the anticipated breeding date

A
  • Gives you time to deal with any problems prior to breeding
    o Lameness
    o Poor body condition
    o Infertility
    o Insufficient rams or ewes
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10
Q

Seasonal breeders

A
  • As length of day decreases=increased melatonin=TRIGGERS ONSET OF NORMAL ESTRUS CYCLES
  • *exact breeding season is dependent on breed
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11
Q

Upland sheep (esp. Scottish): seasonal breeding

A
  • Hardy breeds
  • Short breeding season in fall
  • May only cycle twice in November
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12
Q

Lowland breeds (Suffolk): seasonal breeding

A
  • More productive, less hardy
  • Longer breeding season: September to January
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13
Q

Occasional breeds (Dorset): seasonal breeding

A
  • Almost breed year round
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14
Q

How many rams for open range?

A
  • 3 rams per 100 ewes
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15
Q

How many rams if confined?

A
  • 1 ram per 50-60 ewes
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16
Q

How many rams if out of season or if ewes are synchronized?

A
  • May need 1 ram per 20 ewes
  • *breed an ewe 6 times when in estrus!
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17
Q

Checking out the ram: full physical exam and pay special attention to

A
  • Feet
  • Teeth
  • Raddle sores
    o Raddle to mark the butts of ewes
    o Need to do it correctly!
  • Breeding soundness exam (BSE) including semen evaluation
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18
Q

What should you do with young rams?

A
  • Always put them with a small group of experience ewes for FIRST YEAR
  • 1 ram per 20 ewes
  • *put young ewes with experienced rams
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19
Q

Ewe evaluation

A
  • Start with records
    o Productivity
    o How good a mother she was
  • Full physical examination
  • Be critical and cull any problem animals
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20
Q

What is the aim BCS for ewes at time of breeding?

A
  • 3.5-4
  • *arising plane of nutrition at the time of breeding may be an advantage
    o Continue until animal is at least 6 weeks pregnant
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21
Q

Controlling the breeding season options

A
  • Naturally long breeding seasons (USE the RIGHT breeds)
  • Light effects: set them up in dark barns for long periods over night to foll the pineal gland (use on males too)
  • Melatonin implants (use on males too)
  • Sponges/CIDR
  • Melengestrol acetate
  • Ram effect
22
Q

Melatonin implants

A
  • small slow release capsules which mimic the bodies response to decreasing day length
23
Q

Sponges/CIDR

A
  • progesterone releasing sponge in vagina to mimic diestrus
  • at time of removal ewe may be treated with FSH analogue to stimulate ovulation (careful with dose)
    o BREED specific
24
Q

Melengestrol acetate

A
  • progesterone compound added to feed to have same effect as vaginal sponges
  • some (esp. large producers) find this EASIER
  • EXTRA-label use!
25
Q

Ram effect for breeding season

A
  • Works only to advance the breeding season several weeks and synchronize
  • Ensure ewes have absolutely NO contact with a ram whatsoever for 6 weeks
  • Put in a vasectomised ram for 2 weeks
  • Sudden arrival of ram makes all ewes come into a non-fertile estrus
  • Put in fertile ram 2 weeks later
  • *more historical
26
Q

Gestation

A
  • Maintain BCS for 6 weeks
  • Can allow it to fall by 1 full point during pregnancy
  • *need a raising plane of nutrition in the last phase of pregnancy
27
Q

Pregnancy: ultrasound

A
  • *Percutaneously (inguinal region)
  • Best scanned 7-12 weeks after breeding
    o Rams are turned out for 5 weeks
  • Scan 12 weeks after ram turn out
    o Aim
    o Diagnose pregnancy
    o How many lambs? (if triplets=need more nutrition, put them in different batches)
28
Q

Health issues with pregnancy

A
  • Abortion: huge problem
  • Vaccination
    o Typically late pregnancy to ensure adequate transfer to the lamb in colostrum
29
Q

Abortion

A
  • Everything that causes it=ZOONOTIC
    o Pregnant women!
30
Q

Lambing times: facilities

A
  • Area to hold sheep with feeding facilities
  • *Individual pens to allow ewes and lambs to bond (12hrs)
  • Turn out pens for ewes and lambs
  • *KEEP GOOD RECORDS
31
Q

What is the number one thing that kills lambs when they are born?

A
  • *Exposure
    o Get cold almost instantly
    o Wet: need mother to lick it dry
32
Q

Want personnel watching the flock when close to lambing

A
  • Prevents:
    o *Exposure
    o Mis-mothering
    o Water bagged births
  • *available for dystocia
33
Q

How do you ID a lambing ewe?

A
  • Separates from flock
  • Finds a quiet area
  • Doesn’t eat
  • Lays down
  • May look up and purse her lips
  • Vaginal discharge
  • May vocalize
34
Q

When do you need to assist in a lambing?

A
  • Unproductive straining for more than one hour
  • Obvious malpresentation
  • *more experienced=less you assist
35
Q

Obvious malpresentation

A
  • Hindlimbs (would see soles)
  • Head
  • Only one limb
  • Different coloured limbs (likely different lambs)
  • *NORMAL: forward dive of front legs=soles should be downwards
36
Q

Once the ewe is fully lambed what should you do?

A
  • Place ewe and lamb in bonding pen for 24hrs to ‘mother up’
  • Remove placenta (sheep can NOT eat it)
  • Check ewe’s teats
  • Treat navels (‘dry it up’)
  • Ensure lambs have got colostrum
    o Triplets: milk out ewe and divide what you have
37
Q

How do you ensure lambs have a fully belly (or colostrum)

A
  • Pick them up by front legs
    o *abdomen should be wider than thorax
38
Q

What do you do at the 24hr check?

A
  • Ear tag
  • Castrate
  • Tail dock: check anus
  • Check ewe for cleansing and mastitis
  • Check lambs are eating (belly check)
  • Check lamps for entropion (eyelid turned inwards)
  • Turn out ewes and lambs when they have RECOVERED from docking and castration
  • Maybe give vitamin E or selenium shoot (need to know what you are dealing with though)
39
Q

Tail docking

A
  • Rubber elastic band
  • Hot iron tail docker
  • *important: lambs do not have muscle to lift their tails
    o They will get diarrhea at some point=if gets soiled=attracts flies
  • *need to leave enough tail though
    o Females: remaining should completely cover vulva
40
Q

Castration

A
  • Elastic band
  • *need to make sure you get both testicles
    o Don’t go to high=wont be able to pee
41
Q

Adoption of lamb (‘fooling the ewe’)

A
  • Wet lambs: ‘fresh born OR rubbed on’
    o (both in a bucket with the birthing fluids)
  • Skinning (of a lamb that died) and put it on the other lamb
  • Adoption crates
    o Stops the ewe from beating the lamb, but then once released can still hit them
  • Tie legs together: fall down=newborn
  • (Beating the ewe: hit her on the head (‘loud noise’))
42
Q

What are some major diseases of lambs?

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Watery mouth
  • Scours
  • *COLOSTRUM
43
Q

Watery mouth

A
  • Less in NA
  • Neonatal septicemia
  • Bacterial overgrowth in abomasum
    o Fermentation=distended and can’t swallow=salivate profusely
  • *’rattle belly’
  • DIE
44
Q

Lamb rearing is generally simple

A
  • Vaccination for pulpy kidney recommended
    o Each lots of CHO=overgrowth of clostridium in the gut
  • Must consider parasites
45
Q

Shearing sheep

A
  • MUST DO IT=welfare codes!
  • Ideally do it in May
46
Q

Moderate barn with temperature weather: may have benefit to shear right before lambing

A
  • Take up less space
  • If ewe cold=take lambs to warmer areas
  • *Likely not in the prairies
47
Q

Accelerated lambing programs

A
  • 3 lambings in 2 years
  • Cornell star system: 5 lambings in 3 years
  • *don’t consider unless you are exceptionally good at once a year
    o Management and nutrition is crucial and will make or break it
    o NEED barns (weather and breeding out of season)
48
Q

What is the name of Kosher -Kashrut (Jewish) ritual slaughter?

A
  • Shechita
  • *completed by a rabi
    o In a special shot
    o Long knife that is blunt on the end with a mirror finish (need to run on thumb to show it is not stretch)
    o Make a single slice across throat on ventral aspect (will lose consciousness in 10s, carotid arteries)
    o *death by complete bleeding
  • Also need to butcher an animal a specific way (MUST remove all blood vessels)
    o Many don’t do back end as it is very difficult
49
Q

When making a slice across the throat in Shechitia they can not

A
  • Press
  • Pause
  • Tearing
  • Piercing
  • Covering (need to be able to see the whole thing)
50
Q

Halal (Muslim) slaughter

A
  • Dhabihah
    o Animal laid on side and feet faced toward Mecca (NE)
    o Say prayer
    o Cut throat
  • *person doing it, must be a person of the book (Muslim or Jewish or Christian)
    o Anybody can do it: don’t necessarily know what they are doing (ie. Correct knife)
  • Kosher slaughter is acceptable
  • *2 big holidays in the year (Eid ul-Fitr, Eid al-Adha)

ANIMAL PRODUCTION - 2 (17 decks)

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