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AS CHEMISTRY > 2. Organic definitions > Flashcards

2. Organic definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Homologous series

A

a series of organic compounds with the same functional group , each with an extra CH2

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3
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

Molecule with just H and C

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4
Q

Parent chain

A

The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is the parent chain.

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5
Q

saturated

A

hydrocarbon with only single bonds

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6
Q

unsaturated

A

hydro carbon with at least 1 double bond

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7
Q

alicyclic

A

hydrocarbon thats in a ring structure

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8
Q

aliphatic

A

a straight chain hydrocarbon

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9
Q

structural isomerism

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of atoms

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10
Q

Addition polymerisation

A

The process in which unsaturated alkene monomers add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain.

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11
Q

Addition reaction

A

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule

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12
Q

Atom economy

A

= mr of desired/ total mr of all products x 100

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13
Q

Cis-trans -isomerism

A

A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of the C=C double bond. cis has the H atoms on the same size (Z)

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14
Q

E/z isomerism

A

a type of Stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond mar be arranged in space because of the restricted rotation,

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15
Q

electophile

A

Accepts a pair of e- to form a covelant bond

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16
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that can combine to form a polymer

17
Q

biodegradable

A

a substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms

18
Q

% yield

A

actual amount of product/theoretical amount x 100

19
Q

Pi bond

A

The reactive part of the double bond, formed from laterally overlapped p-orbitals

20
Q

Sigma bond

A

The unreactive part of the double bond

21
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule chain built up of monomers

22
Q

Stereoisomerism

A

Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

23
Q

Nucleophile

A

A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond

24
Q

radical

A

a radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valence electrons.

25
Q

substitution reaction

A

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom/group of atoms

26
Q

homolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals

27
Q

heterolytic fission

A

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded e- going to one atom forming a cation and an anion

28
Q

primary alcohol

A

OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 1 other alkyl group

29
Q

secondary alcohol

A

OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 2 other alkyl group

30
Q

tertiary alcohol

A

OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 3 other alkyl group

31
Q

volatility

A

The ease at which a liquid turns into a gas . Volatility increases as bp decreases

32
Q

elimination reaction

A

The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.

33
Q

reflux

A

The continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction takes place with out losing anything.

34
Q

oxidation

A

loss of H or addition of O

35
Q

esterification

A

The reaction of an alcohol with a carbooxylic acid to produce an ester and water.

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