2. Organic definitions Flashcards
Functional group
The part of the organic molecule responsible for the chemical reactions.
Homologous series
a series of organic compounds with the same functional group , each with an extra CH2
Hydrocarbon
Molecule with just H and C
Parent chain
The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms is the parent chain.
saturated
hydrocarbon with only single bonds
unsaturated
hydro carbon with at least 1 double bond
alicyclic
hydrocarbon thats in a ring structure
aliphatic
a straight chain hydrocarbon
structural isomerism
molecules with the same molecular formula but a different structural arrangement of atoms
Addition polymerisation
The process in which unsaturated alkene monomers add on to a growing polymer chain one at a time to form a very long saturated molecular chain.
Addition reaction
A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a saturated molecule
Atom economy
= mr of desired/ total mr of all products x 100
Cis-trans -isomerism
A special type of E/Z isomerism in which there is a non hydrogen group and hydrogen on each C of the C=C double bond. cis has the H atoms on the same size (Z)
E/z isomerism
a type of Stereoisomerism in which different groups attached to each carbon of a C=C double bond mar be arranged in space because of the restricted rotation,
electophile
Accepts a pair of e- to form a covelant bond
Monomer
A small molecule that can combine to form a polymer
biodegradable
a substance that is broken down naturally in the environment by living organisms
% yield
actual amount of product/theoretical amount x 100
Pi bond
The reactive part of the double bond, formed from laterally overlapped p-orbitals
Sigma bond
The unreactive part of the double bond
Polymer
A long molecule chain built up of monomers
Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomers are isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but that differ only in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
Nucleophile
A nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond
radical
a radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has unpaired valence electrons.
substitution reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom/group of atoms
homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded e- going to one atom forming a cation and an anion
primary alcohol
OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 1 other alkyl group
secondary alcohol
OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 2 other alkyl group
tertiary alcohol
OH group bonded to a C which is bonded to 3 other alkyl group
volatility
The ease at which a liquid turns into a gas . Volatility increases as bp decreases
elimination reaction
The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.
reflux
The continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction takes place with out losing anything.
oxidation
loss of H or addition of O
esterification
The reaction of an alcohol with a carbooxylic acid to produce an ester and water.