2. Alcohols

Question 1

Two methods for making ethanol?

Answer 1

Hydration of ethene. fermentation.

Question 2

Explain the hydration of ethene.

Answer 2

Steam + ethene . with H3PO4 catalyst. at a high temp and moderate pressure. its a reversible reaction with only 5% being reacted, unreacted gasses get recycled into it.

Question 3

Explain fermentation?

Answer 3

C₆H₁₂O₆ —-> 2CH₃CH₃OH +2CO₂

yeast and 37 degrees.

Anerobic (no oxygen)

usefractional distilation to remove the ethanol.

Question 4

Uses of ethanol?

Answer 4

Elthanol in alcoholic drinks.

Etanol as a fuel to increase the octane rating, which burns cleaner and is more environmentally friendly.

Ethanol is methalated spirts.

ethanoic acid-vinegar.

Used to make esters.

Question 5

Uses of methanol?

Answer 5

Clean burning fuel, in high proformance racing cars.(also in bio diesel)

(its toxic soNOT IN DRINKS)

feedstock for the chemical industru , as its turned to metanal and etanoicacid.

Question 6

WHy have alcohols got higher bps then anes, and enes?

Answer 6

they can hydrogen bond.

(lower volatitiy as well)

Question 7

What is a sutable oxidising agent?

Answer 7

acidified dicromate ions , H⁺/Cr₂O₇^2-

^{(found in potassium dicromate)}

Question 8

Form a Keytone from a alcohol.

Answer 8

secondary alcohol, Reflux, Excess [O]

Question 9

Form a carboxylic acid from a alcohol.

Answer 9

primary alcohol,Reflux, Excess [O]

Question 10

Form a aldehyde from a alcohol.

Answer 10

primary alcohol,Distillation, 1:1 ration for [O] and alcohol, add one drop of [O] one at a time to the alcohol

Question 11

acidified dicromate colour change ?

Answer 11

orange to green

Question 12

Elimination (dehydration) of an alcohol.

Answer 12

Alcohol —> alkene + water Heat, Concentrates sulfuric acid catalyst . Reflux

Question 13

Esterification.

Answer 13

Alcohol + Carboxylic acid —> ester +water reflux, conc sulfuric acid catalyst,warm.

Question 14

define reflux?

Answer 14

The continuous boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture to ensure the reaction takes place with out losing anything.

Question 15

What way roud does the condenser get filled?

Answer 15

water in the bottom, out the top, in order to properly fill it.

Question 16

What are esters used for?

Answer 16

adehesives, solvents, as flavourings and perfumes.

Question 17

Hydration of ethene vs fermentation?

Answer 17

Hydration uses up unrenewable resourses- less sustainable, a higher temp is required

Fermentation- requres land be used to make it, less food, less rainforests, howver is more carbon neural becuase plants are photosinthisisng. can regrow plants when you need more.

Question 18

Oxidation is?

Answer 18

loss of H or gain of O