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AS Biology > 2 - MZH - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells > Flashcards

2 - MZH - Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic = contains a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryotic = doesn’t have a true nucleus and doesn’t contain any membrane bound organelles

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2
Q

List all the eukaryotic organelles (14)

A
  • Cell surface membrane/plasma membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Nucleus
  • Chloroplast
  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth)
  • Ribosomes
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Vesicles
  • Lysosomes
  • Microvilli
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Centrioles
  • Undulipodia (flagella & cilia)
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3
Q

Define organelle + e.g?

A

A structure in a cell that has a particular function

E.g. Mitochondria produces ATP for cell respiration

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4
Q

Structure + function of:

Cell surface membrane/plasma membrane

A

S = Phospholipid bilayer and proteins of various types

F = Controls the entry and exit of materials

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5
Q

Structure + function of:

Cell wall

A

S = Ridgid structure found in plant cells, fungi cells and prokaryotic cells.

Plant (cellulose), prokaryotic (peptidoglycan), fungi (chitin).

F = Provide support. Porous to allow materials to pass through it. Channels called running through them called plasmodesmata enables transport between adjacent cells.

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6
Q

Structure + function of:

Nucleus (+ nucleolus and nulear pores)

A

S = Double membrane containing genetic material of cell. Contains nuclear pores on surface.

Nucleolus - dense body of DNA and RNA used to make rRNA for ribosomal units.

F = Holds onto and protect the genetic material from being damaged by the cytoplasm.

Nucleolus - controls: cell division, protein synthesis, production of mRNA for protein synthesis.

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7
Q

Structure + function of:

Chloroplast

A

S = Double membrane. Contains a fluid called stroma. Have internal networks called thylakoids (networks of membranes that form flattened sacs).

Several thylakoids = a granum (plural = grana)

F = Site of photosynthesis

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8
Q

Structure + function of:

Mitochondria

A

S = Spherical or sausage shaped. 2 membranes separated by a fluid-filled space. Inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae. Central part is called the matrix. Contains strands of DNA.

F = Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Sites of aerobic respiration.

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9
Q

Structure + function of:

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

S = Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. Continuous with outer nuclear membrane.

Studded with ribosomes.

F = Site of protein synthesis. Extensive in cells secreting proteins.

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10
Q

Structure + function of:

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

S = Series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cisternae. Continuous with outer nuclear membrane.

No ribosomes.

F = Site of lipid synthesis. Extensive in cells secreting lipids.

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11
Q

Structure + function of:

Golgi apparatus

A

S = Stack of membrane-bound flattened sacs “Cisternae”

F = Protein modification. Packages the proteins into vesicles so they can be transported, makes secretory vesicles, produce primary lysosomes.

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12
Q

Structure + function of:

Vesicles

A

S = Membrane-bound sacs found in cells.

F = Carry substances around the cell.

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13
Q

Structure + function of:

Ribosomes

A

S = Made in nucleolus of rRNA and protein. Eukaryotic ribosomes have 2 sub units.

Found: membrans of rough ER, cytoplasm, mitochondria and inside chloroplasts.

F = Site of protein synthesis (translation). Acts as an assembly line where coded info (mRNA) from nucleus is used to assemble proteins from amino acids.

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14
Q

Structure + function of:

Lysosomes

A

S = Spherical sacs surrounded by a single membrane

F = Contain digestive enzymes to break down material

e.g. old organelles, dead cells and ingested particles.

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15
Q

Structure + function of:

Microvilli

A

S = Approx 5µm long. Hairlike projections on the outer surface of cell.

F = Increase cell surface area

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16
Q

Structure + function of: Cytoskeleton

A

S = Intercellular proteins

Made up of 3 main components:

microfilaments

intermediate filaments

microtubules.

F = Microtubules are cylinder like and move microorganisms through a liquid or waft a liquid past a cell.

Aid transport within the cell.

Provides mechanical strength to cell.

17
Q

Structure + function of:

Centriole

A

S = Animal cells only! Made of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a cylinder.

F = Help in the formation of the spindle fibres that separate the chromosomes during mitosis.

18
Q

Structure + function of:

Undulipodia (Flagella & cilia)

A

S = Hair like structures that protrude from the surface of the cells. Each one is made of 9 microtubules arranged in a cylinder. Undulipodium are longer than cilia.

Looks like the flagella from bacteria but the have different internal structures.

F = To move cells e.g. sperm cells

19
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Eukaryotic cells
A

Prokaryotic = Peptidoglycan

Eukaryotic = Cellulose

20
Q

3 examples of prokaryotic cells

A

E.Coli

MRSA

Salmonella

21
Q

Size of:

  • Prokaryotic cells
  • Eukaryotic cells
A
  • Prokaryotic = 0.5-5µm
  • Eukaryotic = up to 40µm
22
Q

Difference between the ribosomes and DNA structure in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Reason?

A

Prokaryotic = 70s

Eukaryotic = 80s

Eukaryotic cell’s DNA are in linear form where as prokaryotic cells are not (they have one loop of chromosomes instead of 23 pairs of them)

23
Q

Function of photosynthetic membranes and mesosomes?

A

Photosynthetic membranes:

-Increase SA for photosynthesis (prokaryotic cells)

Mesosomes:

  • Folding of the plant membrane
  • Increases SA for respiration
24
Q

Another name for slime layer and its function (3)?

A

Capsule

Protects prokaryotic cell from:

  • Drying up
  • Hazardous chemicals
  • Allows the cell to attach (sticky) e.g. Plaque bacteria
25
Q

Structure + function of pilus? (3)

A

In prokaryotic cells

  • Rod of protein
  • Helps cells to attach to things
  • Help to swap the pasmids
26
Q

Function of the inclusion in a prokaryotic cell?

A

Food store

27
Q

Explain “naked” and “non naked” DNA

A

Naked DNA = prokaryotic cells

-Not wrapped around proteins

Non naked DNA = eukaryotic cells

-Wrapped around proteins

28
Q

List the organelles in a typical prokaryotic cell (11)

A
  • Chromosome
  • Ribosomes
  • Plasma membrane / cell surface membrane
  • Flagellum
  • Mesosome
  • Photosynthetic membranes
  • Capsule / slime layer
  • Pilus
  • Plasmids
  • Cell wall made of peptidoglycan)
  • Inclusion

AS Biology (23 decks)

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