2. Lungs and Pleurae Flashcards
Identify the various parts of the thoracic cacvity.
- at the top: superior thoracic aperture = inlet
- bottom: inferior thoracic aperture (right above the diaphragm)
thoracic cavity has 3 spaces:
- (purple) right pulmonary space (for right lung)
- (purple) left pulmonary space (for left lung)
- (yellow) mediastinum: superior and inferior (anterior, posterior, middle) (holds heart)
= middle of thoracic cavity
What is the pleura? Where is the pleural cavity found?
pleural = serous membrane divided into parietal (on ribcage not touching lung) and visceral pleura (on lung)
pleural cavity found between the visceral and parietal pleura
in the lab, if i pin the lungs, what is the first structure pinned by the pin?
visceral pleura
Identify the various parts of the parietal pleura.
purple: mediastinal part
green: cervical part
blue: diaphragmatic part
light blue: costal part
What are recesses?
Recesses are areas for lungs to expand in (dips that visceral pleura will fill in)
Identify the following three parts of the lungs.
lower arrow: costodiaphramatic recess
upper arrow: costomediastinal recess
pink: Hilum (part where pleura doesnt cover where bronchi and everything that exits and enter lungs must pass through such as blood vessels)
Describe the pleural cavity.
it is fluid filled that helps maintain its negative pressure between 2 walls
How do you know if you are looking at the parietal or visceral pleura in the lab?
if you cannot see the lobes of the lungs then you are looking at the parietal pleura. If you can see the lobes of the lungs, then you are looking at the visceral pleura
During respiration, explain the movements of the diaphragm and the pleurae.
inhale: contract diaphragm which lowers and pulls down the diaphramatic pleura which with its negative pressure pulls down the visceral pleura => expands lung
exhale: all muscle and pleura relax
What is a collapsed lung? What is its solution? What is another name for it?
collapsed lung = pneumothorax
due to punctured pleura: air rushes in which loses the negative pressure of the pleural cavity => lungs become smaller and collapse
Pressure can accumulate in the pleural cavity and put pressure and move heart wchic can cut blood circulation so the solution is to needle decompression: put a needle in the pleural cavity and let air leave allowing the lung to regain its normal size
What is a hemothorax? What is its solution?
Hemothorax: internal bleeding in the pleural cavity => lung cant expand => use chest tube to drain blood out
Pleura is a tissue. What innervates the pleura? What is a problem that can occur due to the innervation of the pleura?
Visceral pleura: innervated by autonomic nervous system
Parietal pleura: innervated by somatic nervous system (you control): intercostal nerve and phrenic nerve
Referred pain may occur because visceral pleura receives general sensory of parietal pleura: if you damage your intercostal n., the referred pain occurs in the thoracic and abdominal walls and if you damage your phrenic n (C3-C4-C5), refereed pain in neck and shoulder.
Identify the various parts of the left and right lung.
Both have apex and diaphramatic surface (base)
Left lung:
Has 2 lobes: superior and inferior lobe
has the oblique fissure (between superior and inferior lobe)
has cardiac notch for heart
has lingula (middle lobe that never formed due to heart)
Right lung:
has 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior lobe
has oblique fissure (between superior and inferior lobe)
has horizontal fissure (between superior and middle lobe)
Describe the impressions on the left lung.
heart (left ventricule)
Describe the impressions of the right lung.
heart (right atrium)
What are the pulmonary ligaments?
reflections of the parietal pleura as it closes off
Describe the various landmarks in the anterior view of the lungs.
follows the midclavicular lines
Right lung: horizontal fissure (on rib 4), oblique fissure (on rib 6)
left lung: oblique fissure on rib 6
the costodiaphramatic recess at rib 8
inferior border of lungs at rib 6 at midclavicular lines
If you want to listen to your lungs at the apex and various lobes, where would you place the stethoscope?
apex: clavicle
superior lobe: between rib 2-3
middle lobe: at midclavicular line below rib 4
inferior lobe: laterally below rib 6
Describe the surface anatomy of the lateral views of the lungs.
horizontal fissure: rib 4
oblique fissure: crosses rib 5, along rib 6
inferior border of lung: rib 8
costodiaphramatic recess (parietal pleura): rib 10
Describe the landmarks in the posterior view of the lungs.
following the paravertebral lines
no horizontal fissure
oblique fissure: T4 (abduct arms, rotate scapula marks oblique fissure)
inferior border of lungs: t10
costodiaphragmatic recess: t12
summarize the various landmarks of the lungs (posterior to anterior view)
Describe the tracheobrconchial tree.
What lines the trachea? (inside)
trachialis muscle
What is the function of the cartilagenous rings of the trachea?
allows trachea to remain open (you can breathe even when moving your head)
What is the pain due to when you swallow too much food?
the oesaphagus pushing on the c rings of the trachea
b
What replaces the cartilage of the trachea going down into the lungs?
@terminal bronchiole: smooth muscle replaces the cartilage
What does the pulmonary vein carry? pulmonary arteries?
pulmonary veins: carry oxygenated blood
pulmnary arteries: carry deoxygenated blood
What are the contents of the left and right hilums?
bronchi: always more thick because of cartilage
left: ABV: arterie above, 2 veins below bronchi
right: BAV: bronchi above, 2 arteries above 2 veins
Describe the innervation of the lungs and trachea.
innervated by T2,T3,T4,T5 -> sympathetic trunk which gives off the cardiac plexus and the pulmonary branches (to ungs, larynx, trachea)
the vagus n (PSNS,CN X) joins in
mesh of nerves around visceral pleura
anterior and posterior pulomnary plexus on either side of trachea
Explain the pulmonary lymphatic drainage.
- right lymphatic duct: responsible for lymphatic drainage in upper right quadrant of body and drains into brachiocephalic vein
- thoracic duct: runs along midline which drains the other 3/4 of our body
the pulmonary cavity has 5 different areas of lymph nodes:
- pulmonary: on bronchi
- hilar: in hilum area
- tracheobronchial: in carina area
- paratracheal: on both sides of trachea
- 1-4 drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks which dump into the brachiocephalic vein
(most will actually drain into the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct before draiining into the brachiocephalic vein rather than the bronchomediastinal trunk)
What is the landmark of the brachiomediastinal trunks?
the venous angle: created by jugular and subclavian veins
