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ANAT 316 ((: > 16. Introduction to Abdomen > Flashcards

16. Introduction to Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the different part of the surface anatomy of the abdominen.

A

A. Rectus abdominis m

B. abdominal oblique muscles: external oblique, internal oblique, transversus oblique

upper black line: costal margin

lower black line: inguinal ligaments

blue: semilunar lines
white: linea alba
orange: transverse intersection

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2
Q

Identify the quadrants of the abdominal surface.

A

defined by umbilicus, costal margin and inguinal ligaments:

upper right quadrant

upper left quadrant

lower right quadrant

lower left quadrant

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3
Q

Identify the various regions of the abdominal surface.

A

defined by: costal margins, inguinal ligaments

  • midclavicular line (vertical)
  • 2 horizontal lines: subcostal (transpyloric) plane L1 and transtubercular plane L5 (between tubercles of ilium)

12 regions:

Bottom: left & right inguinal region, pubic region

Middle row: umbilica region, left & right lumbar region

Upper row: epigastric region, left & right hypochondriac region (hypochondriac: below cartilage or ribs)

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4
Q

What muscle is this? What is its function? What sheat does it contribute to?

A

EXTERNAL oblique: does ipsilateral hip rotation, contralateral trunk rotation

  • attaches onto linea alba
  • contributes ONLY to anterior rectus sheat (external oblique aponeurosis)
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5
Q

Identify the various strucutres.

A
  • upper arrow: rectus abdominis: what atenrios and posterior rectus sheat surround
  • lower arrow: transversus abdominis: contributes to posterior rectus sheat until arcuate line
  • red: tendinous intersections
  • green: arcuate line: where everything dumps into anterior rectus sheat
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6
Q

Which rectus sheat does the internal oblique muscle contribute to?

A

both anterior and posterior rectus sheat (anterior through the internal oblique aponeurosis)

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7
Q

Identify the structures and their function.

A

A. transversalis fascia (sticks fat to peritoneum)

B. extraperitoneal fat

C. peritoneum (parietal layer): encases abdominal organ and allows abdominen to expand without friction

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8
Q

Identify the various structures.

A
  • blue: parietal peritoneum (layer against abdominal wall)
  • purple: visceral peritoneum (against gut)
  • green: messentary: double layer of peritoneum and fat in which vessels travel through
  • upper arrow: intraperitoneal
  • lower arrow: retroperitonealposterior to parietal peritoneum
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9
Q

Where do gonads start from? What do they start as?

A

start in upper abdominen and start as retroperitoneal organs anchored to skin (that will become scrotum or labia major) via gubernaculum

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10
Q

In people with testes, what does the gubernaculum become?

A

ligament of the scrotum

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11
Q

Identify tghe various structures (male).

A

A. ductus deferens (roadmap for inguinal canal)

B. gubernaculum (that becomes ligament of scrotum that attaches into inside of scrotum)

C. scrotum

D. spermatic cord

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12
Q

In GENERAL, explain the growth of the scrotum

A

as fetus grows, abdominen grows but gubernaculum doesn’t => pulls testes down

-the gubernaculum will shrink to become the ligament of the scrotum which further pulls down the testes and out of the body

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13
Q

Identify the various structures (female).

A

upper arrow: gubernaculum

2nd arrow: ligament of ovary (attaches ovary to uterus)

3rd arrow: round ligament of uterus (roadmap to inguinal canal)

4th arrow: labia major

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14
Q

How does the growth of the ovaries differ from the testes?

A

unlike the testes, when signalling occurs, everything stays in place and the gubernculum becomes the ligament of ovary and round ligament of the uterus.

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15
Q

What are the layers that surround the testes? What forms the inguinal canal?Explain.

A

The testes drag layers of the anterolateral wall which forms the inguinal canal and coverings of spermatic cord.

  1. Layers: (from sueperficial to deep):
  2. skin
  3. subcutaneous tissue
  4. external oblique
  5. internal oblique
  6. transversalis fascia
  7. peritoneum
  8. deep inguinal ring: where everything funnels in
  9. superficial inguinal ring (at pubic bone): where evrything drops into scrotum
  10. space between 2 rings: INGUINAL CANAL = space in abdominal wall where testes travels through
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16
Q

What travels through the spermatic cord?

A

arteris, veins and ductus deferens

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17
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

(inguinal ligament is only tendon that attaches from asis to pubic tubercle) formed by external oblique

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18
Q

What travels through the inguinal canal?

A

spermatic cord

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19
Q

What is found under the inguinal ligament (what travels deep to it)?

A

femoral artery, vein and nerve

20
Q

Where does the inguinal canal situate itself?

A

halfway between anterior iliac spine and pubic tubercle

21
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal? (posterior wall, roof, floor, anterior wall)

A
  • posterior wall: transversalis fascia
  • roof: transversus abdominis and internal oblique m
  • floor: inguinal ligament
  • anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis
22
Q

T/F: the transversus abdominis contributes to spermatic cord.

A

F: it does not

23
Q

What does the transversalis fascia become?

A

it becomes the internal spermatic fascia once it goes on spermatic chord

24
Q

What muscle is found on the spermatic chord? What is its function?

A

cremaster muscle: retracts scrotum for thermoregulation

25
Q

What does skin become in the formation of the spermatic chord?

A

skin of scrotum

26
Q

What does the subcutaneous tissue become in spermatic cord formation?

A

Dartos muscle and fascial: wrinkler of scrotum for thermoregulation (works with cremaster m)

27
Q

What does the external oblique become in the spermatic cord formation?

A

external spermatic fascia

28
Q

What does the internal oblique become in the spermatic cord formation?

A

cremaster muscle and fascia

29
Q

What does the transversus abdominis become in teh spermatic chord formation?

A

it does not contribute!

30
Q

What does the transversalis fascia become in the spermatic chord formation?

A

internal spermatic fascia

31
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum become in the spermatic cord formation?

A

tunical vaginalis (has its own visceral and parietal layers): product of processus vaginalis (when testes evaginates)

32
Q

Identify the various layers.

A

a. skin of scrotum
b. dartos muscle and fascia
c. external spermatic fascia
d. cremaster muscle and fascia
e. internal spermatic fascia

tunical vaginalis

f. parietal layer
g. visceral layer

33
Q

Why do inguinal hernias occur?

A

(hernia: abnormal exit of tissue, organ)

they occur bc due to punching out of the testes makes the abdominen weak

34
Q

What strucutre is in green?

A

inguinal triange: between pelvis and rectus

35
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect inguinal hernia? Which is more common?

A

direct or indirect depends where hernia exits

  1. Direct inguinal hernia (25%):

exits medial to inferior epigastric vessels through the inguinal triangle and travels outside of the spermatic cord coverins

  1. indirect hernaia (75%):

exits lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels and travels within the spermatic cord coverings

36
Q
A

c (bc inguinal canal is still developping and not fully closed)

37
Q

What covers the intraperitoneal organs? retroperitoneal organs?

A

visceral peritoneum covers infraperiotneal organ

retroperitoneal organ covered by peritoneum only on anterior surface

38
Q

What is shown in red?

A

peritoneum that encases organs

39
Q

Identify the various structures.

A

a. liver
b. stomach
c. duodenum
d. transverse colon
e. (green line) lesser curvature of stomach
f. (green) lesser omentum (from stomach to liver): formed by two ligaments: (g) hepatogastric ligament + (h) hepatoduodenal ligament
i. (blue line) greater curvature of stomach
j. greater omentum (stomach to transver colon) (filled with fat)

40
Q

How many layers of peritoneum have in the lesser and greater omentum? If you cut the omentums open what do you find.

A

lesser has 2 layers pf peritoneum, cut open: lesser sac

greater has 4 layers of peritoneum, cut open: greater sac

41
Q

Identify the structure in pink and burgundy. What is the function of the structure in pink?

A

pink: lesser sac: allows for stomach to expand (space found behind the stomach)
burgundy: greater sac (sticking your hand into the abdominen, you’re in the greater sac)

42
Q

Identify the structure in blue.

A

Epiploic foramen: entrance into lesser sac: can be found under the hepatoduodenal ligament at edge of the lesser omentum

43
Q

What can be found when you reflect the stomach superiorly?

A

the lesser sac (Blue arrow=epiploic foramen)

44
Q

identify the structure in light green, dark green and blue.

A

dark green: lesser sac

dark green: greater sac

blue: epiploic foramen

45
Q

What is the danger of a splenic artery bleed?

A

If there is a splenic artery bleed, blood can pool into the lesser sac and exit through the epiploic foramen and pool into the lower abdominen

46
Q

Draw the sagital left view of the abdominen. Where does the peritoneum get its blood supply from?

A
47
Q

How does the lesser sac form?

A

ANAT 316 ((: (19 decks)

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