12. Pharynx & Larynx Flashcards
Which structure is anterior: pharynx or larynx?
larynx is anterior
pharynx is posterior
What are the various structure movements that occur during swallowing?
- tongue depresses
- soft palate elevated
- larynx pulled up and forward which forces the epiglottis to close
- vocal cords slam shut for extra protection (if you were to cough up food)
=> soft palate & epiglottis work as valve
Identify the various strucutres.
A. hyoid bone
B. Thyroid cartilage
C. crichoid cartilage
D. trachea (starting at jugular notch)
E. cricothyroid ligament (between thyroid and circhoid cartilage)
F. laryngeal prominence = adam’s apple
What causes some people having lower voice pitch than others?
bigger thyroid cartilage allows for bigger space for voice resonance resulting in lower voice pitch
Identify the various compartments of the neck.
- blue: musculofascial collar
pink: vertebral compartment
orange: visceral compartment
purple: carotid compartment
When producing high and low sounds, how does your larynx move?
high notes: larynx moves upward
low notes: larynx moves downward
Identify the muscle in blue: origin, insertion, innervation, action
SUPERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR M
origin: medial pterygoid
ins: pharyngeal raphe
innervate: vagus n via pharyngeal plexus
action: constricts pharynx => pulls down bolus
Identify the structure in white.
Pharyngeal raphe
identify the muscle in green: origin, insertion, innervation, actions
MEDIAL PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR
origin: hyoid bone
insertione: pharyngeal raphe
innervate: vagus n via the pahryngeal plexus
action: constricts pharynx => pulls down bolus
identify the muscle in purple: origin, insertion, innervation, actions. Where does this muscle end?
INFERIOR PHARYNGEAL CONSTRICTOR M
origin: border of the thyroid cartilage
ins: pharyngeal raphe
innervated: vagus n via pharyngeal plexus
action: constricts pharynx to bring bolus down
ends at the superior esophageal sphincter
Identify the neurovasculature structures.
A. Jugular v
B. common carotid a
C. Vagus N CNX
D. superior cervical ganglion (sympathetic trunk)
E. pharyngeal plexus (pharyngeal branches of CN IX and CNX)
F. glossopharyngeal n CNIX: sensory to pharynx constrictor muscles
G. middle and inferior cervical glanglia (sympathetic trunk): comes from vagus n and runs with carotid a at psoterior aspect, @ base of neck, gives mototr innervation to pharyngeal plexus
What innervates all the pharyngeal muscles? Is there any exceptions?
vagus n
EXCEPT the stylopharyngeus m innervated by glossopharyngeal n
Identify these structures.
A. Pharyngeotympanic tubes
B. uvula
C. epiglottis
D.choana
E. oropharyngeal isthmus
f. muscle: palatopharyngeaus m
g. nasopahrynx
h. oropharynx
i. laryngeopharynx
Identify the muscle in blue: origin, insertion, innervation, actions.
STYLOPHARYNGEUS M
origin: styloid process
ins: pharynx
innervate: glossopharyngeal n
action: lifts up pharynx to receive bolus
What is a landmark for the glossopharyngeal n in the neck?
the sylopharyngeus m
Identify the muscle in green: origin, insertion, innervation, action.
What does this muscle form?
PALATOPHARYNGEUS M:
origin: palate
insert: pharynx
inn: vagus n via pharyngeal plexus
action: lifts pharynx to receive bolus
forms the second arch
Identify the muscle in purple: origin, insertion, innervation, action
SALPINOPHARYNGEUS M
origin: nasopharynx tube
ins: pharynx
innervate: vagus n via pharyngeal plexus
action: lift pharynx to receive bolus
Explain the various muscles and their action durng peristalsis.
- longitudinal muscles LIFT pharynx: stylopharyngeous, palatopharyngeous
- contrictor muscle SQUEEZES pharynx: superior, middle inferior pharyngeal constrictor
moving bolus into esophagus
Identify the various structures: upper arrow, in purple, in dark green, in pink, in yellow
- upper arrow: epiglottis
- purple: supraglottic space (area of epiglottis)
- green: transglottic space: area of vocal folds
- pink: infraglottic space: area above trachea
Identify the various strucures of the larynx.
- top arrow: epiglottis
- middle arrow: thyroid cartilage
- bottom arrow: cricoid cartilage
- in green: quadrangular membrane (on the sides of aretynoid cartilage and goes up to epiglottis)
- in blue:aretynoid cartilage
This is a superior view of the larynx. Identify the various parts.
- top arrow: epiglottis
- middle arrow: vocal ligaments (true vocal chords)
- bottom arrow: thyroid cartilage
- purple: cricothyroid membrane
- orange: rima glottis
This is the lateral view of the aretynoid cartilage. Identify its 2 parts.
arrow: vocal process
green: quadrangular membrane
Identify the various parts of the larynx.
ARROWS: from top to bottom
- epiglottis
- hyoid bone
- vestibular ligaments (thickening of the qudrangular membranes at the bottom) = false vocal chords
- vocal ligaments = true vocal chords
- thyroid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
in green: quadrangular membrane
T/F: the vestibular ligaments are active during speech?
F
During swallowing, what is the action of the vocal folds?
vocal folds close over the rima glottis to regulate air passage and block sounds
Identify the structure in blue and green.
blue: aretynoid cartilage
green: cricoid cartilage
Identify the muscles in purple and orange and their function.
purple: TRANSVERSE CRICOARETYNOID MUSCLE
orange: OBLIQUE CROCIARETYNOID MUSCLE
- adduction of the aretynoid cartilage (slides them together) - completely closes off windpipe for phonate and sound production
- involved in both respiration and vocalization
Identify the muscle (the one that is in both the posterior and lateral view) and its function.
POSTERIOR CCRICOARETYNOID MUSCLE
abduction of the vocal folds (thus pulling inwards of the aretynoid cartilage) and opening of the rima glottis
- used for coughing, forced respiration and panting
- involved in both respiration and vocalization
Identify the muscle that can be seen in the lateral view and its function.
LATERAL CRICOARETYNOID MUSCLE
adduction of vocal folds (NOT FULLY) (rotating the aretynoid cartilage outwards) thus narrowing the rima glottis during expiration - aids in whispering
-involved in both respiration and vocalization
Identify the muscle of the larynx and its function
CRICOTHYROID M
tilts the thyroid cartilage anteriorly which streches vocal folds which increases pitch
-involved in regulating pitch
Identify the muscle of the larynx and its function.
THYROARETYNOID MUSCLE
pulls aretynoid cartilages forward which slacken vocal folds to decrease pitch
-regulation of pitch
Identify the structure in blue. What structure pierces through the structure in blue.
thyroid membrane: the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the superior laryngeal artery goes through this membrane
Explain the neurovasculature of the larynx: innervations.
- left vagus nerve gives off 2 branches:
a. recurrent laryngeal nerve: innervates all larynx muscle except for cricothyroid
b. superior laryngeal n that gives off an internal branch (sensory innervation to larynx) and external branch (motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle) - Hypoglossal nerve (above mandible whilst the initernal branch of superior laryngeal n is below)
What does motor innervation of all larynx muscles, is there any exception
all larynx muscle innervated by recurrent laryngeal n EXCEPT for cricothyroid muscle innervated by external branch of superior laryngeal n
What does sensory innervation of the larynx
internal branch of the superior laryngeal n
What would occur if your external branch of the superior laryngeal n is injured
injured to the cricothyroid muscle and wouldnt be able to get high pich and so would be monotone
Explain the neurovasculature of the larynx: arteries
- External carotid artery: superior thyroid a which gives off 2 branches
1. laryngeal branch: goes inside the thyrohyoid membrane
2. cricothyroid branch: goes to cricothyroid - Subclavian a gives off the inferior thyroid a
- superior and inferior thyroid a goes to the thyroid and parathyroid glands
Identify the structure in pink and purple and their function.
- pink: thyroid gland: metabolism
- purple: parathyroid gland: calcium regulation
Explain the venous drainage of the larynx.
drainage through thyroid plexus:
- superior thyroid veins: drainage from above
- middle thyroid veins: drains from side
- iniferior thyroid vein: drains straight down
1,2 drain into internal jugular v that drains into brachiocephalic v
3 drains straight down into brachiocephalic v then into SVC
