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MSK > 2. Joints + fractures > Flashcards

2. Joints + fractures Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of joints

A

1) Fibrous 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

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2
Q

Fibrous joints

A

no joint cavity

no movement

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3
Q

3 sub-types of fibrous joints

A

1) Sutures of skull 2) Syndesmoses between tibia and fibula 3)Gomphoses of teeth + maxilla

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • bone joins with Cartilage - Type I + Type II
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5
Q

Type I cartilaginous joint

A

hyaline cartilage only

never breaks

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6
Q

Type II Cartilaginous joint

A

-2 types of Cartilage: hyaline + Fibrocartilage

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7
Q

6 features of Synovial joints

A

1) bone ends covered in hyaline Cartilage 2) joint surrounded by capsule 3) within the capsule is a joint cavity 4) capsule reinforced outside by ligaments 5) cavity lined inside by synovial membrane 6) joint capable of varying degree of movements

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8
Q

Synovium

A

contains fibroblasts

secrete hyaluronic acid for lubrication

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9
Q

how many types of synovial joint

A

6

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10
Q

Joint stability is conferred by which 3 things ?

A

1) Joint shape 2) Ligaments 3) Tendons + muscles

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11
Q

Fracture

A

Break or crack in a bone

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12
Q

Osteoporosis

A

condition that weakens bones

more likely to break

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13
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A
  • group of genetic disorders - bones that break easily
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14
Q

Nightstick fracture

A

isolated fractures of the ulna

mid-diaphysis

direct blow

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15
Q

Monteggia fracture

A

fracture of proximal 3rd of ulna

dislocation of head of radius

indirect blow

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16
Q

Closed fracture

A
  • no break in skin or protrusion of bone fragment
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17
Q

Open fracture

A
  • skin broken, usually with fragment protruding
18
Q
A

Buckle fracture

19
Q
A

Greenstick fracture

20
Q

Salter-Harris classification of growth plate injuries Mnemonic : SALTR

A

Type1: S= slipped 5-7% = through growth plate

Type 2: A = above 75% = through growth plate + metaphysis

Type 3: L = lower 7-10% = through growth plate + epiphysis

Type 4: T = through 10% = through metaphysis, growth plate + epiphysis

Type 5: R = ruined <1% = crushing type injury - growth plate not displaced but damaged by direct compression

21
Q

Stress fracture

A
  • very small sliver or crack in bone - x-rays don’t show any evidence of them - 2 types: fatigue fracture + insufficiency fracture
22
Q

Fatigue fracture

A
  • application of abnormal stress to bone with normal elastic resistance
23
Q

Insufficiency fracture

A
  • when normal stress is placed on a bone with deficient elastic resistance
24
Q

Compression fracture

A
  • most common in vertebrae - vertebral body compressed to a smaller height -occurs from trauma or osteoporosis
25
Q
A

Colles fracture (dinner fork deformity)

fracture through distal metaphysis of radius

no further than 4cm proximal to distal articulate surface of radius

26
Q

Avulsion fracture

A
  • tendon or ligament pulls off a piece of the bone
27
Q
A

hyaline cartilage

28
Q
A

elastic cartilage

29
Q
A

fibrocartilaginous cartilage

30
Q

Fracture repair

A
  • First aid stabilize the break with a splint
  • Diagnosis via X-ray
  • Returned to their natural positions manually (reduction). This is very painful without anesthesia.
31
Q

3 major phases of fracture healing

A
  1. Reactive Phase
  2. Reparative Phase
  3. Remodeling Phase
32
Q

Reactive phase of fracture healing

A

Short period of bleeding

hematoma (6-8 hours post injury)

No blood flow between the 2 broken bone ends

Cells in the fracture hematoma begin to die

inflammatory response + swelling occurs

Blood capillaries grow into fracture hematoma

Phagocytes & osteoclasts remove dead cells

33
Q

Reparative Phase of fracture healing

A

proximal periosteal cells → chondroblasts →form hyaline cartilage

periosteal reaction

distal periosteal cells →osteoblasts → form woven bone

2 new tissues grow form a fracture callus

34
Q

Remodeling Phase of fracture healing

A

Cancellous bones are replaced with compact bone in the cortex of the bone

Callus is removed

Fracture site is remodelled by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

35
Q

plane joint

A

sliding movement only

36
Q

pivot joint

A

1 plane rotation

37
Q

saddle

A

2 planes of movement + controlled rotation

38
Q

ellipsoid joint

A

2 planes

39
Q

ball and socket joint

A

multiaxial in 3 planes

40
Q

hinge joint

A

1 plane, sometimes rotation

41
Q

most common fractures in people with osteoporosis

A

wrist

hip

vertebrae

MSK (9 decks)

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