2 - History of One Health Flashcards
What did Hippocrates do
Urged physicians to consider where their patients lived, the foods they ate and waters they drank, their lifestyles, and the seasons of the year
What did Aristotle do
Comparative medicine: animal anatomy, pathology of animal diseases
Who was Galen? What did he do
Considered most famous doctor in Roman Empire (court physician in Rome)
Emphasized comparative anatomy (dissected animals to understand how body functions)
What did Pieree Belon do
Comparisons of the skeletons of birds and humans
= beginnings of modern comparative anatomy
Who was Giovanni Maria Lancisi
Physician to 3 popes
Expert on heart disease
Role of environment in spread of disease
Malaria:
- proposed mosquitoes as vectors
- connection of stagnant water/mosquitoes & disease
- recommended draining swamps and use of protection against mosquitoes to prevent malaria
Who was Claude Bourgelat
Comparative pathology (pioneer in comparative medicine)
Anatomy and pathology of horses
Founder of first veterinary college
Studied Rinderpest (cattle plague)
What was smallpox variolation? Where was it developed
Developed in Asia
Deliberate infection with smallpox in low doses
Survivors were resistant to smallpox infection
Methods of smallpox variolation
Inhalation of dried smallpox scabs in Asia
Skin puncture in Europe and America
Why was variolation used
There was 1-2% fatalities, but 30% fatality if not “vaccinated” and naturally exposed to smallpox
Who was John Fewster? What did he notice?
Country surgeon
Practiced variolation
Noticed some patients did not respond to smallpox inoculation (no reddening of site)
What did John Fewster determine about patients who did not respond to inoculation?
They had previously been infected with cow pox (similar virus)
Who was Edward Jenner
Country physician
Studied heart issues, nested cuckoo, angina pectoris
What did Edward Jenner do with regards to smallpox
Inoculation with bovine virus (cow pox) (not much of a response) led to immunization against smallpox
Inoculated a young boy with the dairymaids cow pox infection, then exposed him to smallpox… no infection
When was smallpox eradicated
Through vaccination in 1980
What diseases have been eradicated worldwide
Smallpox and rinderpest
Who was John Snow
Father of modern epidemiology
Cholera
Expert on anesthetics (administered chloroform to Queen Victoria at birth of 8th & 9th children)
How many cholera cases per year? Deaths? What are the symptoms? Source of infection?
2.9 million cases/year
95,000 deaths/year
Severe = watery diarrhea, vomiting, leg cramps, death within hours without treatment
Contaminated water or food sources from a person infected with cholera
Human to human transmission
What kind of infection is cholera? By what?
How is it treated? Prevented?
Acute intestinal infection caused by bacterium Vibrio cholera
Treat by rehydrating with clean water
Prevent by improving sanitation and access to clean water
What is a pandemic? E.g.
Infectious disease epidemic that has spread through a large region (continents or worldwide)
- smallpox, tuberculosis, flu, HIV, cholera, COVID19
How many cholera pandemics documented? Causing how many deaths? Most recent pandemic?
Seven
~40 million deaths (most in 1800s)
Most recent in 1961-1975: Indonesia, India, Soviet Union
What happened in London in 1854?
1854 Broad Street Cholera Outbreak
600 deaths in first week
Why was there a cholera outbreak in London in 1854
No sanitation in many areas
Human/animal waste dumped into River Thames (city water supply source)
What did John Snow do in London 1854
Visited house to house to collect info (symptoms, water supply)
Created dot map to define clusters of deaths
87% of cases clustered around the Broad Street community pump
Pump handle removed sept 8, 1854
How did John Snow demonstrate one health practices?
- demonstrated basics of public health/epidemiology
- obtained/employed info about person, place and time to identify source of infection
- considered the 1st major epidemiological study
Who was Louis Pasteur
Demonstrated germ theory
Fermentation caused by micro-organisms
Developed rabies and anthrax vaccines
Who was Robert Koch
Identified tuberculosis bacterium
Koch’s postulates for causal relationship between microbe and disease
What were Koch’s postulates
- microorganism must be found in organisms suffering from disease, not in healthy organisms
- microorg must be isolate from diseased org and grown in pure culture
- cultured microorg should cause disease when introduced to healthy org
- microorg must be re-isolated from experimental host and be identical to original culture
Rudolf Virchow cell theories
Launched field of cellular pathology: “every cell stems from another cell”
Groups of cells get sick
Fought Pasteur’s germ theory (disease caused by breakdown of order within cells; not foreign organism)
Who was Rudolf Virchow
Coined the term “zoonosis”
Developed concept of “One Medicine”
Linked human and vet med
Who was William Osler
Born in Ontario
Student of Virchow
Co-founder of John Hopkins Medical School
Professor at McGill Faculty of Modern Medicine
Bring medical students out of lecture hall into hospital
Residency program
Who was James H Steele
“Father” of Veterinary Public Health
DVM
Established Vet Public Health Program
Emphasized need to study zoonotic diseases (Rabies, brucellosis)
Who was Calvin Schwabe
Promoted and re-established concept of “One Medicine”
Veterinary epidemiologist
What is Kuru? Symptoms?
Laughing Death
Fatal prion disease from Papua New Guinea
Takes years/decades for symptoms to develop
Incoordination, tremors, muscle spasms, demention, spontaneous laughter
Who had Kuru? Population?
Fore people
40,000
Who was suffering from kuru? When was the disease onset? Clinical duration? How many deaths
Affected women and children
Disease onset 5-60 years (average clinical duration 12 months)
~1,000 deaths
Who was William Hadlow
DVM
USDA Employee
interest in Scrapie, sent to England to study it, learnt about Kuru by chance
What is scrapie? When was it found in canada
prion disease of sheep and goats
1938
What did William Hadlow see at the Wellcome Medical Museum in London?
Spongiform degeneration of brain tissue due to prion disease (similar to scrapie)
What did Carleton Gajdusek do
Medical researcher in New Guinea 1950s
1st medical description of Kuru
Hypothesized that ritualistic cannibalism caused kuru
Tested Hadlow hypothesis of infecting primate with brain tissue of infected individual
What is Q fever
Query fever
Zoonotic disease
Bacteria (Coxiella burnetti) = gram negative
Reservoirs of Q fever
Cattle, sheep, goats
Reports in dogs, cats, rabbits
Acute vs chronic Q fever infection
Acute = most common, “flu-like” symptoms (headache, fever, chills), 20 day incubation period
Chronic = <5% patients, infection reoccurs years later, potential for heart, liver, brain and lung damage. Risk factor is being immunocompromised
Treatment for acute vs chronic Q fever
Acute = treat with antibiotics (Doxycycline)
Chronic = treat with antibiotics for several months
What risk factors are associated with Q fever in humans
- Occupational (vet med, meat processing, livestock farming, research)
- Location (living on/near a farm)
- Time of year (spring = birthing)
What was found about the Q fever outbreak in the Netherlands
Collaboration between human and veterinarian healthcare systems could have allowed detecting the onset of the outbreak 2 years earlier, as soon as 2005
