12 - Non-Zoonotic Diseases 2 Flashcards
Name zoonotic, non-zoonotic diseases
Z: plague, rabies, H1N1 influenza
NZ: foot and mouth disease, porcine epidemic diarrhea, swine delta coronavirus, seneca valley virus, african swine fever
Describe the african swine fever agent, infection
Viral disease
Impacts pigs/wild boar
Highly contagious (100% fatality)
Virus can persist for several months in carcasses, environment
Canada is ASF free
ASF clinical signs
High fever, weakness, reluctance to stand, vomiting, diarrhea, red or blue skin, coughing, miscarriages, stillbirths
100% fatality
Slides 11-13
ASF spread through the years
How is ASF a one health issue
- wild boar are a reservoir (EU, Asia)
- border controls
- pig sector crucial for rural livelihoods in Africa
ASF economic impacts in Canada
Canada is third largest pork exporting country in value and volume (14% of world pork trade)
$4.8 billion CAD of pork exported
88,000 direct and indirect jobs
ASF = border closes to export
How do we reduce the risk of ASF
- on-farm biosecurity
- careful sourcing of animals, products and by-products
PEDv global history
Endemic in EU since 1970s-80s
Spread to Asia/China in 1982
Virulence increases as spread
2013 multiple states in US infected before diagnosis
2014 introduced into Canada
PED impacts on pigs
Severe diarrhea in suckling pigs
100% mortality for 3-5 weeks
Diarrhea and vomiting in nursery pigs/sows - older pigs recover
Treatment for PED? Outbreak management?
No effective treatment
Expose all sows quickly (infected sows develop immunity and pass it to piglets in milk)
Why is biosecurity hard with PED
Once one part of the swine herd is infected, the bacteria is pervasive, shed in high quantities, resistant in environment, so expose rest
One way to save piglets from PED
Wean them at 10 days of age to get them out of contaminated nursery, but difficult to wean piglets that early (usually 3 wks)
Slides 25-32
Manitoba, AB, USA PED
Transmission of SECv
Survives in pig feed, swine trailers for up to 7 days
In liquid manure up to 21 days
Survives freezing
Assembly yards
How to deal with infected farms or trucks for PEDv/SDCV
Work with slaughter plant and assembly yards to schedule pigs, limit traffic to site, increase biosecurity
Feed trucks may be rescheduled and required to be washed
After entire herd is exposed and immunity develops, extensive cleaning to remove virus from barn
Best protection against SECV
Biosecurity
Washing, drying, disinfectnig trucks and trailers after hauling pigs
Changing boots and coveralls before entering the barn and restricting visitor access
Reportability of PEDv
Reportable in AB and other provinces, not reportable in Canada
CFIA will not quarantine farms or stop pig movements or respond to cases
PEDv and Feed
Detected in feed by PCR
Contaminated porcine plasma fed to pigs = disease
Can be introduced into a herd through feed
Main route of spread of PEDv
Manure contaminated trucks
Timeline for foot and mouth disease outbreak in UK
- 19 feb 2001: abattor vet reports disease in pigs, FMD confirmed
- 22 feb: FMD found at swill feeder in Northumberland
- 23 feb: FMD confirmed in cattle 5km away
- 25 feb: 5/11 sheep at slaughter had healing foot lesions. All 11 were FMD positive. 16 sold at market 12 days earlier
- 9 of the 16 sheep purchased by dealer and mixed with 175 other sheep
- 175 other sheep went to longtown market
Slides 47-51
How does seneca valley virus affect sows and gilts? Neonatal pigs? Growing pigs?
Sows and gilts: vesicles on snout/in mouth, lesions on feet and CB, ulcers on hoof, breeding females unwell (anorexia, fever)
Neonatal pigs: increased mortality, diarrhea
Growing pigs: lameness, vesicles
SVV affects what species? Transmission?
Pigs, cows, mice
Transmission unknown
SVV found historically where?? increasing outbreaks where? rapidly spreading where?
USA, Canada, AUS, italy
Increasing outbreaks in USA
Rapidly spreading in Brazil
Reporting of vesicular diseases in swine
Presence of vesicles on any pig is reportable to the CFIA
Treat vesicles as a foreign animal reportable disease until proven otherwise
SVV is not reportable, but the vesicles it causes is (could be FMD which is reportable)
How does disease affect farmers
Financially: lose animals, feeding animals under quarantine, lose sale price of animal, vet care
Welfare: crowding, stop feeding if run out of money
Psychological: stress impacts on farmer having to depopulate, lose livelihood
Impact of quarantine on a pig operation
- time to critical overcrowding in nursery barns is six days
- pigs grow fast, if they can’t move through system they run out of space
- welfare slaughter = largest direct cost of disease eradication in EU FMD outbreaks
- Canadian code of practice (space allowance per pig)
- Animal protection act (provide food/water in quarantine?)
What kind of cull policy was in place in EU FMD outbreaks?
Contiguous cull policy
Cull the affected farms, designate a ring around the farm to cull and stop spread
Local impacts of disease outbreaks on the community
- altered day to day routines
- psychological (depopulation, disposal)
- tourism disruption
Types of economic impacts that disease outbreaks have
- Local (individual, community)
- Regional (border closures)
- National (trade barriers, regulation)
- International
- Direct: destruction, disposal, lost production
- Indirect: psycho-social, medical, tourism
Largest cost of the UK 2001 FMD outbreak? Same as…
Indirect cost of lost tourism
Same as avian influenza in BC, SARS in Toronto
Global cost of covid 19
Disparity in estimates, but numbers are huge
12.5-28 trillion
Psycho-social impacts of FMD
Mass culling policy affected everyone involved: stress, depression, isolation, loss of social life, worries about future
Subsequent farmer health assessment worse
Few farmers would welcome support from health or social workers, more likely to turn to community than vet
> 1/5 farmers had PTSD symptoms
