2: Health, Wellness, and Complementary Medicine Flashcards
health
a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Clinical Model
interprets health narrowly as the absence of signs and symptoms of disease or injury; therefore, the opposite of health is disease
Health Belief Model
a relationship exists between a person’s beliefs and actions. Factors that influence those beliefs include the following:
● Personal expectations in relation to health and illness
● Earlier experiences with health and illness
● Sociocultural context
● Age and developmental state
High-Level Wellness Model
recognizing health as an ongoing process toward a person’s highest potential of functioning. This process involves the person, the family, and the community
Holistic Health Model
acknowledges and respects the interaction of a person’s mind, body, and spirit within the environment
Self-awareness
knowing and caring for oneself and recognizing one’s strengths and limitations
disease
state of disharmony of mind, body, emotions, and spirit
Illness
product of the disharmonious interaction (disease) among mind, body, emotions, and spirit.
homeostasis
organism’s attempt to restore balance
Self-care deficit
an impaired ability to perform or complete activities of daily living
Dorothea Orem
Her nursing theory focuses on self-care so that the person can maintain life, health, and well-being
Martha Rogers
Believed the primary purpose of nursing is to help people achieve their maximum health potential
Primary prevention
focuses on the health of a person or population, with the goal of preventing a disease or illness. Immunizations are prime examples
Secondary prevention
includes screening for early diagnosis
Tertiary prevention
The goal is to minimize complications and maximize function in any way possible for already sick patients
Health promotion
focuses on lifestyle choices to prevent illness and strives toward high-level wellness
baseline measure
body, mind, and spiritual variables includes health attitudes as well as cultural beliefs and practices
Physical measures
include current states of nutrition, rest and sleep, elimination, exercise, and hygiene
Psychosocial variables
include coping, interactions, self-concept, significant relationships, and cultural practices and recreation.
Spiritual assessment
includes beliefs and values
six-stage process of change
- Precontemplation: Denial/demoralized
- Contemplation: Stuck/stalling
- Preparation: Planning, going public means telling friends
and family about desire to change - Action: Begin to modify behavior
- Maintenance: Struggle to prevent lapses; work to consolidate gains
- Termination: Complete confidence; cycle of change completed
Wellness
a dynamic balance among the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of a person’s life
psychosomatic
the mind and body are so interrelated that they act on each other intimately, directly, and inseparably
“Doing” therapies
such as giving medications, altering diets, and changing dressings, have measurable, linear outcomes.
“Being” therapies
recognize the less measurable effects of consciousness both within the person and as a bridge between individuals. Meditation, imagery, and prayer are some examples
complementary therapies
therapies and systems of whole medicine that would be used in addition to conventional Western medicine
allopathic medicine
traditional Western medicine
iatrogenic illness
results from treatment and may be traced to overuse and adverse responses to medication, in addition to abuse of prescription medications
integral nursing
a comprehensive integral worldview and process plus holistic theories and other paradigms. It encourages the nurse to view nursing from four perspectives:
1) the individual interior: personal, intentional
2) individual exterior:physiologic, behavioral
3) collective interior: shared, cultural
4) collective exterior:systems, structures
five major domains of CAM practices
● Whole medical systems ● Mind–body interventions ● Biologically based therapies ● Manipulative and body-based methods ● Energy medicine
Concentrative meditation
The person focuses on a specific object. Internal or external.
Receptive meditation
focuses on the deep interconnection between the mind and body
reflective meditation
person chooses a theme, question, or topic of reflection to gain insight into significant questions
Expressive meditation
includes movement or expression with the concentrative methods of whirling, shaking, or dancing
Traditional Chinese medicine
includes acupuncture, massage, herbal treatments, nutrition, moxibustion, movement such as qi gong, and meditation
qi (pronounced chee)
It comprises all forces of nature: spirit, energy, and life itself.
Yang
symbolic of the forces of heaven and is considered more active, dynamic, and representative of male energy
Yin
represents the qi of the earth and is considered more foundational and female
Yin and yang
Two equal and opposite aspects of qi. Neither force is superior to the other, and neither one can stand alone. Each must contain a small portion of the other dynamic force at all times
Acupuncture
the needle stimulates the increase or decrease of qi flowing through the meridians
Friedrich Bayer
developed first synthetic drug, aspirin
Steps in Therapeutic Touch
First phase-Centering: Practitioner brings attention inward to a quiet, still, peaceful state of consciousness.
Second phase-Assessment: Practitioner moves hands 2 to 6 inches from the patient’s skin surface to gather information about the energy fields.
Third phase-Treatment: the goal is to direct or modulate the energy and restore balance.
Indications for Therapeutic Touch
Promoting relaxation Altering pain perception Decreasing anxiety Accelerating healing Promoting comfort in dying
Potential Outcomes for Therapeutic Touch
Reduced respiratory rate Facial flushing Increased temperature of extremities Relief of pain Relaxation Reduced anxiety
TCM
Traditional Chinese medicine
A patient is seen in the emergency department related to complaints of fatigue and weakness. Upon further questioning, the nurse finds that the patient has recently lost his job after 35 years and reports no appetite since he was let go 2 weeks ago. Which model of health and well-being best describes this patient’s belief system?
a. Holism
b. High-level wellness
c. Clinical model
d. Health belief model
a. Holism
A nurse is working with a patient who recently received a mastectomy to prevent breast cancer due to a high rate of breast cancer in her family. The patient seems unengaged in the wound care and complains about nurses “doing stuff to her all of the time.” Which of the following statements would be appropriate for the nurse to make to increase this patient’s engagement and self-worth?
Select all that apply.
a. “You have taken a great step in safeguarding your health by having this surgery.”
b. “I’d like to show you how to change the dressing and what I am assessing when I look at your incision site so that you can do it at home.”
c. “What do you think the hardest part of discharge care is going to be for you?”
d. “You need to be responsible for your wound care once you leave. Here are some written instructions to tell you what you need to do.”
a. “You have taken a great step in safeguarding your health by having this surgery.”
b. “I’d like to show you how to change the dressing and what I am assessing when I look at your incision site so that you can do it at home.”
c. “What do you think the hardest part of discharge care is going to be for you?”
A community health nurse is working with a smoking cessation group. One member states, “I had quit for a year and now I’m back to smoking with all this stress at work lately. I’ll never be able to maintain it!” Which phase of change best describes this statement?
a. Precontemplation
b. Contemplation
c. Preparation
d. Termination
a. Precontemplation
A nurse is admitting an elderly patient and is inquiring about her current health conditions and treatments. The patient states that she uses melatonin for frequent insomnia. Which of the following nursing actions are most appropriate to detail the use of CAM therapies?
Select all that apply:
a. Ask if there are any prescriptions taken for insomnia and document appropriately.
b. Ask if the patient uses any other CAM therapies in addition to this supplement.
c. Document the use of melatonin along with other vitamins, prescription, and nonprescription medica- tions.
d. Ask if the patient uses any other “non–evidence- based” therapies.
b. Ask if the patient uses any other CAM therapies in addition to this supplement.
c. Document the use of melatonin along with other vitamins, prescription, and nonprescription medications.
A patient is receiving acupuncture treatments in addition to chemotherapy to increase her energy and “keep her blood counts up.” The nurse caring for this patient is not familiar with acupuncture in cancer care. Which of the following actions would improve her understanding of this type of CAM therapy?
Select all that apply:
a. Knowing where to access reliable information (e.g., NCCAM)
b. Educating herself on acupuncture modality and history
c. Actively referring to acupuncturists and developing a
relationship
d. Researching qualifications and credentials of practitioners
a. Knowing where to access reliable information (e.g., NCCAM)
b. Educating herself on acupuncture modality and history
c. Actively referring to acupuncturists and developing a relationship
d. Researching qualifications and credentials of practitioners
botanicals
Plant species with medicinal properties
complementary and alternative medicine (CAM)
Those practices that do not form part of the dominant system for managing health and disease
environment
Context in which a person lives; includes
social and inanimate characteristics
herbs
Plant species with medicinal properties
holism
Seeing the universe—and the client—as a system of connected parts rather than a sum of isolated parts
holistic healthcare
Concept that emphasizes humanism, choices, self-care activities, and a peer relationship between healthcare provider and client
holistic intervention
Activities for the interrelated needs of body, mind, emotions, and spirit
integrative healthcare
Cross-disciplinary reality and progressive acceptance of a broader aspect of care
integrative medicine
Complementary or alternative medicine or those practices that do not form part of the dominant system for managing health and disease
meditation
Drug given for its therapeutic effects
Therapeutic Touch
A healing meditation in which the practitioner assesses and treats the client’s energy field and attempts to redirect any obstructed, disordered, or depleted areas
