1: The Profession of Nursing Flashcards
Hippocrates
“father of medicine”
He has been credited with developing assessment standards for patients, establishing overall medical standards, and recognizing a need for nurses
Florence Nightingale
“the lady with the lamp” and the founder of modern nursing
“sick nursing”
helping patients use their own reparative processes to get well
“health nursing”
preventing illness
Dorothea Dix
Although she was not a nurse, she established the Nurse Corps of the United States Army, further expanding nursing’s role
Clara Barton
founded the American Red Cross
The American Journal of Nursing (AJN )
the first nursing journal to be owned, operated, and published by nurses
Socialization
process that involves learning theory and skills and internalizing an identity appropriate to a specific role. Internalizing a specific role allows one to participate as a member of a group.
Patricia Benner
In From Novice to Expert, she discussed socialization and skill acquisition in nursing. This process takes 5 to 10 years after graduation
five levels of nursing skill proficiency
novice advanced beginner competent proficient expert
Florence Nightingale’s nursing definition
the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery
ANA nursing definition
Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations
Novice Proficiency
A beginning nursing student or any nurse entering a situation in which he or she has had no previous experience. Behavior is governed by established rules and is limited and inflexible.
Advanced beginner Proficiency
The advanced beginner can demonstrate marginally acceptable performance. He or she has had enough experience in actual situations to identify meaningful aspects or global characteristics that can be identified only through prior experience.
Competent Proficiency
Competence is reflected by the nurse who has been on the same job for 2 or 3 years and who consciously and deliberately plans nursing care in terms of long-range goals.
Proficient Proficiency
The proficient nurse perceives situations as a whole rather than in terms of aspects and manages nursing care rather than performing tasks.
Expert Proficiency
The expert nurse no longer relies on rules or guidelines to connect understanding of a situation to an appropriate action. The expert nurse, with an enormous background of experience, has an intuitive grasp of the situation and zeroes in on the problem.
licensed practical nurse (LPN)
LPNs differ from RNs in two areas: educational preparation and scope of practice.
Professional nurse
a nurse possessing the baccalaureate degree in nursing
advanced practice nursing
An example is the nurse practitioner (NP) and involves issuance of a second license
nurse practitioner (NP)
a nurse with advanced education. They function with more independence and autonomy than other nurses and are highly skilled at doing nursing assessments, performing physical exami- nations, counseling, teaching, and treating health problems
clinical nurse specialist (CNS)
has advanced experience and expertise in a specialized area of practice such as gerontology, pediatrics, critical care, or pulmonary disease
nurse midwife
provide independent care for women during normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Also may perform routine Papanicolaou (Pap) smears and breast examina- tions and assist patients with family planning.
nurse researcher
responsible for the continued development and refinement of nursing knowledge and practice through the investigation of nursing problems
nurse administrator
manages and controls patient care, responsible for specific nursing units and serve as liaisons between staff members and directors of nursing
nurse educator
generally have specific clinical specialties and advanced clinical experience
Standards of Care:
ASSESSMENT
The RN collects comprehensive data pertinent to the patient’s health or situation.
Standards of Care:
DIAGNOSIS
The RN analyzes the assessment data to determine the issues
Standards of Care:
OUTCOME IDENTIFICATION
The RN identifies expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the patient or the situation
Standards of Care:
PLANNING
The RN develops a plan that prescribes strategies and alternatives to attain expected outcomes
Standards of Care:
IMPLEMENTATION
The RN implements the identified plan. This includes coordination of care, health teaching and health promotion, consultation, and prescriptive authority and treatment
Standards of Care:
EVALUATION
RN evaluates progress toward attainment of outcomes.
Standards of Professional Performance:
ETHICS
The RN practices using ethical principles
Standards of Professional Performance:
EDUCATION
The RN attains knowledge and competency that reflects current nursing practice and competency in nursing and professional development practice.
Standards of Professional Performance:
EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
The RN evaluates one’s own nursing practice in relation to professional practice standards and guidelines, integrating evidence and research findings into practice.
Standards of Professional Performance:
QUALITY OF PRACTICE
The RN interacts with and contributes to the professional development of peers and colleagues
Standards of Professional Performance:
COMMUNICATION
The RN communicates and collaborates with the patient, family, and others in all areas of practice.
Standards of Professional Performance:
LEADERSHIP
The RN demonstrates leadership in the profession
Standards of Professional Performance:
COLLABORATION
The RN collaborates with the patient, family, and others in all areas of practice
Standards of Professional Performance:
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE EVALUATION
The RN evaluates practice in relation to practice standards and guidelines, statues, rules, regulations, and research.
Standards of Professional Performance:
RESOURCE UTILIZATION
The RN considers factors related to services that are safe, effective, and financially responsible
Standards of Professional Performance:
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
The RN practices in an environmentally safe and healthy manner.
The standards of care list
designates professional nursing responsibilities
nurse practice act
defines the practice of nursing within that area
American Nurses Association
nursing’s professional organization, open only to registered professional nurses, it sets the standards of practice for nurses
National League for Nursing
support nursing education with the goal of producing a well-prepared and diverse nursing workforce
American Association of Colleges of Nursing
This organization sets standards and publishes essential components of baccalaureate, master’s, and doctoral education in nursing
The Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education
established by the AACN and is an autonomous accrediting agency that contributes to the improvement of public health by ensuring the quality and integrity of baccalaureate and graduate education programs
Sigma Theta Tau International
Honor Society of Nursing
“love,” “courage,” and “honor.”
National Student Nurses Association
Its goals are to contribute to nursing education to provide for the highest quality of healthcare; to provide programs representative of fundamental and current professional interests and concerns; and to aid in the development of the whole person, his or her professional role, and his or her responsibility for the healthcare of people in all walks of life
conceptual framework
describes ideas about individuals, groups, situations, and events
four central concepts in nursing practice
person, environment, health, and nursing
concept of person
refers to all human beings. People are the recipients of nursing care; they include individuals, families, communities, and groups.
concept of Environment
includes factors that affect individuals internally and externally. It means not only everyday surroundings but also settings where nursing care is provided
concept of nursing
Definitions of nursing describe what nursing is, what nurses do, and how nurses interact with patients
Nursing theory
provides the foundation for nursing knowledge and gives direction to nursing practice. They are a way to relate concepts and the significant relationships between them.
Common to all nurs- ing theories are four major concepts: person, environment, health, and nursing.
General systems theory
includes purpose, content, and process, breaking down the “whole” and analyzing the parts:
● All systems must be goal directed.
● A system is more than the sum of its parts.
● A system is ever changing, and any change in one part affects
the whole.
● Boundaries are implicit, and human systems are open and
dynamic
Human needs
any physiologic or psychological factors necessary for a healthy existence
Hildegard E. Peplau
Interpersonal Relations in Nursing - To develop an interpersonal interaction between patient and nurse
Virginia Henderson
The Nature of Nursing - To assist the patient in gaining independence as rapidly as possible
Martha E. Rogers
Theoretical Basis of Nursing - To assist the patient in achieving a maximum level of wellness
Dorothea E. Orem
Nursing: Concepts of Practice - To provide care and to assist the patient to attain self-care
Betty Neuman
The Neuman Systems Model: Application to Nursing Education and Practice -To address the effects of stress and reactions to it on the development and maintenance of health
Sister Callista Roy
To identify the types of demands placed on a patient and the patient’s adaptation to the demands
Jean Watson
Nursing: The Philosophy and Science of Caring - To focus on curative factors derived from a humanistic perspective and from scientific knowledge
Florence Nightingale
Notes on Nursing: What It Is, and What It Is Not - To help individuals responsible for caring for the sick to “think how to nurse.” Theory addresses fundamental needs of the sick and basic principles of good healthcare.
Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs states…
All humans are born with instinctive needs. people must meet lower-level needs to some degree before they can address higher-level needs.
Maslow’s hierarchy pyramid
Physiologic Needs Safety Needs Love Needs Esteem Needs Self-Actualization Needs
Maslow Physiologic Needs
Oxygen, food, water, elimination, activity, rest, temperature maintenance, and sex.
Maslow Safety Needs
physically safe and free from the fear and anxiety that result from a lack of security and protection
Maslow Love Needs
people need to feel that they belong and are loved to avoid loneliness and isolation. To meet this need, a person must give and receive love
Maslow Esteem Needs
People need to know that others think well of, admire, and respect them
Self-esteem is a person’s sense of his or her own adequacy and worth
Maslow Self-Actualization Needs
the innate need to realize fully all of one’s abilities and qualities
Kurt Lewin
Change Theory - recognizes the dynamic nature of growth and the need for constant reevaluation of nursing practice:
- Recognition of the area where change is needed
- Analysis of a situation to determine what forces exist to maintain the situation and what forces are working to change it
- Identification of methods by which change can occur
- Recognition of the influence of group mores or customs on change
- Identification of the methods that the reference group uses to bring about change
- The actual process of change
3 of change
Unfreezing: recognition of the need for change and the dissolution of previously held patterns of behavior
Movement:shift of behavior toward a new and more healthful pattern. marks the initiation of change
Refreezing: the long-term solidification of the new pattern of behavior.
Marjory Gordon
functional health patterns: delineate the human needs of the person, family, community, and group. These patterns are unique because they are interrelated
According to Patricia Benner’s From Novice to Expert, there are five distinct levels of proficiency. Micah is a nurse with 3 years of experience who is now able to analyze his patient’s congestive heart failure as conceptually related to the renal failure and anemia that are present rather than as separate issues. Which level most appropriately describes his proficiency?
Advanced beginner:
The first 5 years after graduation from nursing school and is described as seeing situations in parts to seeing them more conceptually, or as a whole.
Marcy is aware that nursing responsibilities are related to professional performance. Which of the following are included in these standards? Select all that apply: a. Collaboration b. Performance appraisal c. Outcome identification d. Quality of care
a. Collaboration
b. Performance appraisal
d. Quality of care
Other elements include education, collegiality, ethics, research, and use of resources.
A nurse is found guilty of performing procedures outside her scope of practice. Identify which elements are true related to nursing scope of practice.
a. Scope of practice is defined by each state’s nurse practice act.
b. The ANA sets requirements for licensure.
c. Scope of practice is defined by NLNAC–certified
school curricula.
d. Reciprocity explains the relationship between scope
of practice and state licensure.
Scope of practice is defined by each state’s nurse practice act.
An antibiotic is ordered that the patient has had an allergic reaction to in the past. Which would be an appropriate nursing action as determined by the professional nursing role? Select all that apply:
a. Identify that the antibiotic is inappropriate.
b. Document the allergy and call the physician.
c. Administer the drug as ordered.
d. Complain to other nurses about the physician’s poor judgment.
a. Identify that the antibiotic is inappropriate.
b. Document the allergy and call the physician.
A patient reports frustration that she has been unable to sleep while in the hospital and that she is exhausted. The nurse also notes that the patient has an unreliable social support network, has poor confidence in her ability to care for herself after discharge, and is a fall risk. Which of these issues would take priority according to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs?
a. Sleep
b. Fall risk
c. Social support
d. Doubt related to self-care
a. Sleep
environment
Context in which a person lives; includes
social and inanimate characteristics
functional health patterns
A framework for collecting and organizing nursing assessment data to ascertain the client’s strengths and any actual or potential dysfunctional patterns
health
(1) State of well-being and optimal functioning;
(2) Interactive process between the person and the internal and external environment
nurse anesthetist
Professional with specialized education and skills in the administration of general or regional anesthesia anesthetic agents and in monitoring clients during surgical and other procedures
nursing
Profession that involves diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health problems
self-actualization
Process of developing one’s maximum
potential and managing one’s life confidently
