2: Endocrine Complaints: Metabolic Syndrome, DM Flashcards
Six classic endocrine glands
- Pituitary
- Thyroid
- Parathyroid
- Pancreatic islets
- Adrenals
- Gonads
Bc most endocrine glands are inaccessible to palpation/visualizing… what do we look for?
Signs/symptoms of hormone excess/deficiency by recognizing patterns
Two endocrine organs we can directly examine
Thyroid, gonads
How to measure BMI
Weight/height squared
Overweight and obese BMIs
overweight: 25-30
Obese: 30+
What hormone likely plays a role in obesity
Leptin resistance
Metabolic syndrome
A constellation of metabolic abnormalities that confer increased risk of CV disease and DM
Associated conditions with metabolic syndrome
Fatty liver disease, hyperuricemia, PCOS, obstructive sleep apnea
DM 2
Ranges from insulin resistance with relative insulin deficiency to a predominantly insulin secretory defect with insulin resistance
Hemoglobin A1C
Measures average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months
What to look for when doing a diabetic foot exam
Skin breaks, red/calloused areas, pallor, dryness, hair growth patterns, deformity, nail defects
When to do a diabetic foot exam
At each visit / at least once per year
What does metformin do?
Decreases hepatic glucose production, improves peripheral glucose uptake
Organ systems that are affected by poorly controlled DM
Eyes, kidneys, NS, CV, skin, teeth, GU
Conditions associated with DM 1
Autoimmune conditions, like thyroiditis, celiac, and Addison’s
