Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Periodontal Disease > 2: Efficacy of Diagnostic Techniques for Periodontal Diseases > Flashcards

2: Efficacy of Diagnostic Techniques for Periodontal Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

How is periodontal disease currently diagnosed?

A

almost entirely on the basis of its clinical manifestations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of periodontal disease?

A
  1. gingival inflammation (redness, swelling, plaque index, gingival index)
  2. periodontal probing (PD, BOP, CAL)
  3. tooth mobility
  4. Furcation involvement
  5. radiographs (BW or PA) (bone changes - amount of bone loss)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the traditionally used diagnostic procedures for patients over 50?

A

periodontal examination and radiographs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What diagnostic techniques are not routinely used in clinical practice?

A
  1. microbiological testing
  2. assessment of host response
  3. genetic analysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the limitations to probe penetration, CAL, and radiographic examination?

A

PP: lack of sensitivity and reproducibility
CAL: poor reliability and reproducibility
RE: limited sensitivity in small bone changes, no value in evaluating disease activity or progression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a hollow tapered tip that is filled with water for coupling of the ultrasonic beam into the tissues?

A

ultrasonic periodontal probing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F. Conventional radiographs are very sensitive but lack specificity.

A

False, Conventional radiographs are very SPECIFIC but lack SENSITIVITY.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why has cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) been introduced in periodontology?

A

for the detection of periodontal defects in in vitro settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The ___ of a diagnostic test refers to the probability of the test being positive when the disease is truly present.

A

Sensitivity

A / A + B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

The ___ of a diagnostic test refers to the probability of the test being negative when the disease is not present.

A

specificity

D / C + D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the gold standard for microbiological testing?

A

bacterial culturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bacterial culturing can assess for ___ susceptibility of microbes and can only grow ___ bacteria but some putative pathogens are ___ (need special nutrients to culture) and are difficult to culture.

A

antibiotic; live; fastidious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bacterial culturing has low ___, needs sophisticated equipment and experienced personnel, and is relatively time consuming and expensive.

A

sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Direct microscopy includes ___-___and ___-___ microscopy.

A

dark-field; phase-contrast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Although direct microscopy allows one to identify ___ and ___ of bacterial in a plaque sample, most of the main putative perio pathogens are ___-___ so it is difficult to identify.

A

morphology; motility; non-motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does immunodiagnostic methods work?

A

It uses Ab that targets specific bacterial Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How are direct and indirect immunofluorescent (IFA) microscopic assays are able to identify pathogens?

A

plaque smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

IFA detects ___ and ___, is comparable to bacterial culture and does not require ___ bacterial cells.

A

Aa; Pg; viable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What prevents the wide use of cytofluorography (flow cytometry)?

A

complexity and cost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used for?

A

to detect serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What immunodiagnositic method is based on the binding of protein to latex beads coated with species-specific antibody?

A

latex agglutination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Pg, Tf, and Aa possess in common a ___-like enzyme that hydrolyzes a substrate ___.

A

trypsin; N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-2-naphthylamide (BANA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chair-side enzmatic kit named ___ is not able to distinguish between individual bacteria and may be positive at clinically healthy sites.

A

Perioscan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

T/F. A negative result does not rule out the presence of other important periodontal pathogens.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some examples of molecular biology techniques?

A

nucleic acid probes
checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization
PCR
Real-time PCR

26
Q

What nucleic acid probe has high sensitivity and specificity?

A

16S rRNA

27
Q

Which molecular technique can identify up to 40 oral bacterial species in a single test but has not be generalized for diagnositc purposes?

A

checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization

28
Q

PCR has high ___ and ___ for the identification of target pathogens but it is unable to quantify pathogens accurately in clinical samples.

A

sensitivity; specificity

29
Q

What samples are taken to assess host responses?

A 
saliva
gingival crevicular fluid (GCF most common used)
blood serum
blood cells
urine
30
Q

What is used in the diagnosis of hypophopshatasia?

A

urine

31
Q

What is one collecting if they place a paper strip within the crevice for 30 seconds and then measure the fluid volume with a Periotron?

A

collecting GCF

32
Q

What are the intracellular destruction enzymes released from dead or dying PMN/Neutrophils from the periodontium?

A

aspartate amino-transferase (released during tissue destruction)
alkaline phosphatase (membrane-bound glycoprotein involved in maintenance of alveolar bone)
beta-glucuronidase (lysosomal enzyme degrades proteoglycans and ground substance)
elastase (proteolytic enzyme foudn in lysosomal granules of neutrophils)

33
Q

What is associated with the activity of matrix metalloproteinases and produced by inflammatory, epithelial and connective tissue cells?

A

extracellular destruction enzymes

34
Q

There is a marked elevation in ___ levels in GCF from sites with ___ gingival inflammation. There is an inability to discriminate between sites with severe inflammation with or without ___ loss.

A

AST; severe; attachment

35
Q

T/F. ALP in GCF is higher in diseased then healthy sites

A

True.

36
Q

Beta-glucuronidase is elevated from sites with ___ periodontal disease. It has high ___ and ___ when related to occurrence of clinical ___ loss. It is a good predictor for future ___ breakdown.

A

severe; sensitivity; specificity; attachment; periodontal

37
Q

T/F. There is a negative correlation of elastase in GCF with clinical attachment loss.

A

False, There is a POSITIVE correlation of elastase in GCF with clinical attachment loss.

38
Q

What is secreted by fibroblasts and macrophages that is responsible for remodeling and degradation of ECM components?

A

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)

39
Q

What is the level of MMPs in GCF if a patient is at significant risk for progression of periodontitis?

A

high

40
Q

What happens to GCF MMP levels in response to treatment?

A

levels are reduced

41
Q

Which MMPs are involved in the initial destruction of periodontal ECM?

A 
MMP-2 (gelatinase A)
MMP-9 (gelatinase B)
MMP-8 (collagenase 2)
MMP-13 (collagenase 3)
MMP-3 (stromelysin-1)
42
Q

What is the ECM of the periodontium composed of?

A

collagen
proteoglycan
non-collagen proteins

43
Q

What tissue breakdown products are found in the GCF of sites with periodontitis?

A

hydroxyproline, glyconsaminoglycans, osteocalcin, type 1 collagen

44
Q

Which cytokines are inflammatory mediators?

A 
TNF-alpha
IL-1alpha
IL-1beta
IL-6
IL-8
PGE2
45
Q

T/F. Traditional immunoassays analyze only a single cytokine at a time.

A

True.

46
Q

What assay uses color-coded beads and permits the simultaneous detection of up to 100 cytokines in a single well of a 96 well microplate?

A

bio-plex cytokine assay

47
Q

In optical spectroscopy, infrared (IR) spectroscopy has vibrating ___ bonds of organic molecules absorb a characteristic wavelength of IR light. The ___ of the absorbed light can be used to establish a molecular fingerprint of a tissue or fluid.

A

covalent; spectrum

48
Q

What does the wavelength of light absorbed by IR spectroscopy depend on?

A
  1. the nature of the covalent bond (C=0 or N-H)
  2. the type of vibration (binding and stretching)
  3. environment of the bond
49
Q

IR spectoscopy can be used to characterize GCF from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis sites. What is its sensitvity and specificity?

A

both are high

50
Q

T/F. IR spectroscopy of GCF is reagent free and requires only small sample volumes and minimal training for the operator.

A

True.

51
Q

What type of spectroscopy measures oxygen saturation of the tissues?

A

near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy

52
Q

The wavelength region ___ to ___ is dominated by the absorption from ___ hemoglobin (HbO2) and ___ hemoglobin (Hb).

A

500; 600; oxygenated; deozygenated

53
Q

T/F. Tissue oxygenation at periodontitis sites significantly increases as compared to gingivitis and healthy control sites.

A

False, Tissue oxygenation at periodontitis sites significantly DECREASES as compared to gingivitis and healthy control sites.

54
Q

Why test saliva?

A
  1. abundant fluid and easy to collect and store

2. highly enriched content of disease biomarkers (Sjogren’s syndrome and oral cancer)

55
Q

What should be done to find out type and concentration of specific periodontal pathogens?

A

apply DNA PCR to identify specific periodontal pathogens

56
Q

What could be done to test genetic susceptibility to periodontitis in individuals?

A

test genetic variation: over expression of IL-1a or IL-1b

57
Q

T/F. Tests for periodontal disease identify general risk factors for the development of disease but fail to determine when periodontal destruction will occur.

A

True, they are not able to specifically predict periods of disease activity.

58
Q

Salivary Occults Blood Test (SOBT) may offer a simple screening method for periodontal status when what is not possible?

A

when a through periodontal examination is not possible. It is not sufficiently specific to be a reasonable substitute fro a periodontal examination

59
Q

How many proteins have been found in whole saliva?

A

2290

60
Q

What may offer a cost-effective approach to screening of periodontal disease in large populations?

A

salivary proteome analysis

Periodontal Disease (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions