2. Consequences of Industrialisation Flashcards
What are the 4 areas for this plan?
- Living conditions
- Working conditions
- Rise of Middle Class
- Growth of Trade Unions
Living Conditions
What percentage of Britain’s population lived in towns by 1800 and by 1880?
By 1800, 25%, and by 1880, 80%.
Living Conditions
What was the rate of increase in the population of towns between 1801-1851?
27% each decade.
Living Conditions
What proportion of the population increase between 1801-1841 was absorbed by towns with populations over 2500?
67%
Living Conditions
How much did Bradford’s population grow by in the 1810s, 1820s, and 1830s?
63% in the 1810s, 69% in the 1820s, and 52% in the 1830s.
Living Conditions
What proportion of the population lived in 4m wide back-to-back housing by 1800?
2/3rds
Living Conditions
How many back-to-back houses did Nottingham have by 1841?
12,600
Living Conditions
What diseases were caused by poor housing and lack of infrastructure?
Cholera, influenza, typhoid, and dysentery.
Living Conditions
When and where did the first major outbreak of Cholera occur, and how many people did it kill?
In Sunderland in 1831, killing 32,000 within a year.
Living Conditions
How many people did Typhus kill annually?
4000
Living Conditions
How many major outbreaks of Typhoid occurred from 1830-1836?
4 major outbreaks
Living Conditions
How many people did Asiatic Cholera kill in 1832?
52,000
Living Conditions
What did Chadwick’s 1842 report of Manchester find regarding streets, ventilation, and child mortality?
It found that out of 687 streets, 248 were unpaved, 112 were ill-ventilated, and 252 had stagnant pools of effluence or piles of rubbish. Additionally, it found that 57% of children from WC parents died before their 5th birthday.
Working Conditions
What were the typical working hours before the 1833 Factory Act?
A 6-day week with 14 hours a day.
Working Conditions
Who did the reforms before the 1833 Factory Act primarily affect?
Women and children
Working Conditions
How many hours did men typically work despite the reforms?
10+ hours.
Working Conditions
What were the consequences of being late or talking during work?
Latecomers had 2 hours’ wages deducted, and talking incurred a fine of 1 shilling or 1/5th of the daily wage.
Working Conditions
What happened to Martha Appleton in 1859, and what was the outcome?
She lost all her fingers on her left hand in a work accident. She was sacked with no compensation as she was no longer able to work effectively.
Working Conditions
What safety improvement was introduced in mines in 1815?
The Davy safety lamp.
Working Conditions
Despite improvements, what dangers still existed in mines?
Flooding, gas explosions, and collapsing shafts.
Working Conditions
How much did coal production increase between 1770 and 1850?
From 6 million to 55 million tonnes of coal.
Working Conditions
How did the depth of mines change between the 18th century and 1850?
Mines became deeper, extending from 90m in the 18th century to 300m by 1850.
Rise of the Middle Class
In 1820, how much wealth did Benjamin Gott possess, and how many workers did he employ?
£100,000 in the bank and 1500 workers.
Rise of the Middle Class
What was the wealth and worker count of Richard Crawshay at Cyfartha Ironworks in 1830?
£200,000 with 5000 workers.
Rise of the Middle Class
How much was Richard Arkwright worth when he died in 1792?
£500,000.
Rise of the Middle Class
What was the total value of goods produced by British manufacturers by 1811, and how much of it was exported?
£140m worth of goods, with £30m exported.
Rise of the Middle Class
What was the significance of the middle class’s campaigning and wealth in the passage of the Great Reform Act in 1832?
Their campaigning efforts, along with the wealth they possessed, contributed to the passage of the Great Reform Act in 1832.
Growth of Trade Unions
How did living near factories contribute to the growth of trade unions?
Living near factories facilitated easier communication among workers, leading to the development of groups and communities, such as cooperatives.
Growth of Trade Unions
What significant event occurred in 1844 regarding cooperative models?
The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers was founded by 28 men, formalising the cooperative model.
Growth of Trade Unions
By 1862, how many cooperatives had been established across Britain?
332 cooperatives, including ones in London (1832) and Birmingham (1833).
Growth of Trade Unions
In 1793, what achievement did a group of London printers with a petition manage to secure?
They secured higher wages through a petition with 539 signatures.
