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Biology > 2 Co-ordination and response > Flashcards

2 Co-ordination and response Flashcards

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1
Q

How are organisms able to respond to changes in their environment?

A

external environment: eg avoiding places too hot/cold
internal environment: make sure conditions are always right for their metabolism
Receptors detect stimuli and effectors produce a response

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2
Q

what is negative feedback

A

a corrective mechanism which responds to a change in conditions from ideal or set point and returns conditions back to set point

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3
Q

Define homeostasis

A

maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body

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4
Q

What are some examples of homeostasis?

A

body water content
body temperature

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5
Q

What does a coordinated response require?

A

stimulus, receptor, effector

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6
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

change in animal’s surroundings
e.e. ball thrown towards you

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7
Q

What is a receptor?

A

the organ which detects the change
e.g. eyes

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8
Q

What is an effector?

A

muscles, e.g. contract as you catch ball

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9
Q

Can plants respond to a stimulus?

A

yes, e.g. sunlight - will grow towards light

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10
Q

What is a tropism?

A

the growth of plant towards a directional stimulus

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11
Q

What is phototropism?

A

growth response to light
growth towards light is called positive phototropism

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12
Q

What controls growth in a phototropic response?

A

hormone auxin - found tip of stem

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13
Q

What is the role of auxin?

A

auxin diffuses down shoot from tip causing elongation of cells
when light intensity is higher on one side, auxin builds up on the shaded side
causes cells to elongate more on shaded side
as a result shoot bends towards light

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14
Q

What happens if the tips are cut off or covered?

A

cut off - no growth
covered - grows directly up

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15
Q

What is geotropism?

A

growth towards or away fro gravity
roots are positively geotropic

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16
Q

define hormones

A

A chemical messenger which is made by an endocrine gland. Released in blood and affects target organs

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17
Q

define adrenaline

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress. Increase heart rate and boosts the delivery of blood to the muscles, fight or flight response.

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18
Q

define CNS

A

the brain and spinal cord which coordinates the response of effectors

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19
Q

what does sensory neurone do

A

Impulses from receptors pass along sensory neurones until they reach the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

what does relay neurone do

A

impulses pass to relay neurons in the CNS

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21
Q

what does the motor neurone do

A

Impulse passes to effectors along motor neurone which causes the effector to contract

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22
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that are released at synapses

23
Q

what is the reflex arc

A

a rapid and automatic response to a stimulus

24
Q

What is the pathway of neurones

A

stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, relay neurone, motor neurone, effector, response

25
Q

what is the junction between two nerve cells

A

synapse, neurotransmitters released to diffuse across

26
Q

where are receptor cells located

A

everywhere

27
Q

compare a reflex action to a voluntary action

A

reflex is faster and doesn’t use the brain. Automatic

28
Q

Compare Endocrine and nervous system

A

Speed:
E = Slow (except adrenaline), N = Fast
Type of message:
E = Chemical, N = Electrical impulse
Method sent:
E = Via the blood – dissolved in the plasma, N = Along neurones
Response to the message:
E = Only target cells respond even though the message is sent all over the body, N = Message sent directly to a muscle or a gland
Role in body:
E = Controls long term processes such as reproduction and growth, N = Used when a fast response is needed

29
Q

what does the axon do

A

electrical impulse travels down it

30
Q

what does the myelin sheath do

A

insulates the axon

31
Q

what neurones have a myelin sheath

A

sensory and motor

32
Q

what neurones have cell body at end

A

relay and motor

33
Q

what happens in eye in dark light

A

radial muscles in iris contracts. circular relax. iris causes pupil to dilate to let more light in

34
Q

what happens in eye in bright light

A

radial muscles in iris relax. circular contract. iris causes pupil to get smaller to let less light in

35
Q

what happens in eye when focussing on far away object

A

suspensory ligaments contract
ciliary muscle relax
lens become long and thin
light focused on retina

36
Q

what happens in eye when focussing on near object

A

suspensory ligaments slack
ciliary muscle contract
lens become thick

37
Q

what type of lens do long and short sighted people require

A

long: convex lens
short: concave lens

38
Q

what are the two photoreceptors in retina and what do they do

A

rods: measure light intensity and send messages along sensory neurone
cones: measure colour and send messages along sensory neurone

39
Q

what does sweat do

A

evaporation of water in sweat removes heat energy from the skin, cooling the body down by removing that heat

40
Q

define vasoconstriction

A

constriction of blood vessels near the surface of the skin to reduce blood flow near the surface of the skin and therefore reducing the amount of heat that is radiated from the skin

41
Q

define vasodilation

A

the dilation of blood vessels near the surface of the skin and increasing the amount of blood flowing near the surface of the skin and so increasing the amount of heat that is radiated from the skin

42
Q

define thyroxine

A

growth hormone produced in thyroid gland

43
Q

define insulin

A

reduces blood glucose after a meal
hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is too high, reducing blood glucose concentration by increasing the uptake of glucose from the blood into liver

44
Q

What is the eye made up of?

A

Suspensory ligament
cornea
iris
pupil
lens
ciliary muscle
sclera
retina
fovea
optic nerve (sensory neurone)

45
Q

define adrenaline

A

a hormone produced by the adrenal glands in response to fear or stress. Increase heart rate and boosts the delivery of blood to the muscles, fight or flight response.

46
Q

define testosterone

A

the main male reproductive hormone, produced by the testes, stimulating sperm production and secondary sexual characteristics

47
Q

define progesterone

A

a hormone produced in the ovaries, specifically by the corpus luteum and the placenta that maintains the interim lining and inhibits the release of FSH and LH

48
Q

define oestrogen

A

a female sex hormone release by the ovaries and stimulate the growth of the uterus lining whilst inhibiting the release of FSH

49
Q

define ADH

A

hormone produced by the pituitary gland that increases the re absorption of water in the collecting duct of the kidney

50
Q

define LH

A

hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulate ovulation and the realease of progesterone

51
Q

define FSH

A

a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and stimulates the release of oestrogen

52
Q

define glucagon

A

increases blood glucose after a meal. produced in pancreas.

53
Q

what is the myelin sheath made out of

A

fatty substance

Biology (20 decks)

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