2 | Chapter 5: seagrass and mangroves Flashcards
Green Plant Cladogram (7)
_____
A.
_____
B.
_____
C.
____
D.
____
E.
_____
F.
G.
______
Charophytes
A. performs photosynthesis
Liverworts
B. Is Multicellular
Mosses
C. Reproduces Sexually
Club Mosses
D. Has Vascular tissue
Ferns
E. Has leaves with veins
Gymnosperms
F. Uses seeds to reproduce
G. Has flowers
Flowering plants
______
Aquatic flowering plants with a high degree of uniformity in vegetative appearance
Only group of submerged flowering plants that live entirely and exclusively in seawater
Seagrass
Parts of seagrass (bottom to top) 6:
Roots
Rhizomes
Shoot
Flower
Seeds
Leaves
Comparison of seagrass and algae:
Algae are ____ plants, while seagrass are
Seagrass have distinct below-ground parts while algae do not
Seagrass have a ____ protecting the ___ and developing leaves
Non-flowering plants
Leaf sheath
Apical Meristem
Comparison of seagrass and algae:
Sexual reproduction for algae is through ____ and seagrass is through _____,____ and _____
Asexual reproduction for algae is via _____ and seagrass is through _____(____)
Algae:
spores
Seagrass:
flowering, pollination and fertilization
Algae:
vegetative propagation
Seagrass: vegetative propagation (clonal growth)
Seagrass:
Usually grow in ___ and ___ waters around the world, typically along gently sloping protected coastlines
Found in areas light can easily penetrate (shallow, clear, and calm waters enabling photosynthesis)
Many seagrass species live in depths of ___ to ___ feet, deepest growing seagrass (_____) however, has been found at ____ feet
There are ___ seagrass species found in ____ sites in the philippines
salty
brackish
3 to 9 feet
Halophila decipiens
190 feet
18 seagrass species
529 sites
What does SEAGRASS support? Memorize
BOW
LCC (low cost carrier)
NHS (National health service)
BOW:
Biodiversity
Oxygen
Water Quality
LCC:
Livelihoods
Carbon Storage
Climate Resilience
NHS:
Nutrient Cycling
Habitat corridors
Shelter
Shortened names of the seagrasses (6):
CS
HD
HP
HS
HT
HU
Seagrasses:
CS _____
Linear ____ leaves 5-9 wide
____ leaf tip
Leaf sheath is ____
Found on ____ subtidal reef flats and sand banks
Cymodocea serrulata
strap-like
Serrated
broadly triangular
shallow
Seagrasses:
HD ______
Small____ leaf blade 1-2.5 cm long
6-8 ____
____ on both sides
Leaves usually longer than wider
Found at ____
Halophila decipiens
oval
cross veins
Leaf hairs
subtidal depths (> 10 m)
Seagrasses:
HP _____
Fine, ____ up to 20 cm long
1 ____
Black and white wein splits into two at the ____ leaf tip
Usually pale rhizome, with clean black leaf scars
Found on ____
Halodule pinifolia
delicate leaves
central vein
rounded
intertidal sand banks
Seagrasses:
HS _____
____ like
Leaves arranged in ____
Erect shoot up to 15 cm long
Found at ___
Halophila spinulosa
Fern
opposite pairs
subtidal depths (>10 m)
Seagrasses:
HT _____
Erect shoots 8-18 cm long
Leaves with ___veins
2-3 leaves at each node
Leaves ___around stem
Found at ____
Endemic to queensland, Australia
Halophila tricostata
3
whorl
subtidal depths (>10 m)
Seagrasses:
HU _____
Usually larger than Halodule pinifolia
____ leaf tip
1 central longitudinal vein
Rhizome usually pale ivory, with clean black leaf scars
____ preferred food
Found on ____ intertidal sand or mud banks
Halodule univervis
Trident
Dugong’s
shallows
Zonation limitations of seagrasses (3):
Salinity (species specific)
Water level (dry out if exposed)
Light availability (Need light to photosynthesize)
_____
Woody tree or shrub that lives along sheltered coastlines within the tropic or subtropic latitudes
grow between the highest tidal level and the same level or higher than sea level
Mangroves
mangroves:
Only trees capable of tolerating large amount of salt in water known as _____
Halophytes
Global distribution of mangrove forests (5)
Asia
Africa
North/Central America
Oceania
South America
Asia 42%
Africa 21%
North/Central America 15%
Oceania 12%
South America 11%
Characteristics of a mangrove plant:
Dense tangling roots called ____
____ that secrete excess salt
Have aerial roots called _____
Vivipary seeds called _____
Prop roots
Excretion glands
Pneumatophores
Propagules
True mangroves are characterized by _____ reproduction
True mangroves are _____, with a high salt tolerance
Mangrove associates only have a certain degree of salt tolerance which are _____
Viviparous reproduction
Halophytes
glycophytes
Types of mangroves:
____ grows along the edge of the shoreline where conditions are harshest, has prop roots the same color as the name.
Red Mangroves
Types of mangroves:
_____ Characterized by long horizontal roots and root-like projections known as ______. Can tolerate very high salinity.
Usually grows at elevations slightly higher that where tidal change exposes roots to air.
Bark of mangrove is dark and scaly
Black Mangroves
Pneumatophores
Types of mangroves:
____ Occupies the highest land, no visible aerial roots
Typically occupies lower salinity areas
White mangroves
Adaptations in mangroves are required for the following 4:
Physical stability
Salt Tolerance
Anaerobic sediments
Reproduction
Terrestrial Ecosystem: (3)
Sediment
Nutrients
Fresh water discharge
Mangrove ecosystem: (6)
Sediment Binding
Organic Matter Export
Storm Buffering
Nutrient Cycling
Habitat for diverse species
Nursing Habitat
Marine Ecosystem (4)
Storm Buffering
Nutrient Cycling
Organic Matter Export
Habitat for Diverse species
