2 Breathing Mechanics Flashcards

1
Q

What does Boyle’s law dictate?

A

Pressure exerted by gas is inversely proportional to its volume. ( P proportional to 1/V)

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2
Q

What is dalton’s law?

A

Total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the pressures of all individual gases (duh)

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3
Q

What is charles’ law?

A

Volume of a gas is proportional to temperature.

V proportional T

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4
Q

What is Henry’s law?

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends on its solubility & pressure

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5
Q

What parts make up the upper respiratory system?

A

Mouth
Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

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6
Q

What parts make up the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Bronhi
Lungs

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7
Q

What binds the lower respiratory system?

A

Ribs
Spine
Diaphragm

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8
Q

What is differnet about the external anatomy of the lungs?

A

The right lung has 3 lobes whereas the left only has 2

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9
Q

What are the lobes of the lung called?

A

Superior and inferior

The right lung also has a middle lobe

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10
Q

What encloses each lung?

A

Two pleural membranes seperated by a thin space of pleural fluid

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11
Q

What is the pericardial cavity?

A

The space around the heart

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12
Q

What is the inner pleural membrane called

A

The one around the lung (inner) is the visceral pleura

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13
Q

What is the outer pleural membrane called?

A

The one coating the inner rib surface (outer) is the Parietal pleura

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14
Q

What is inflammation of the pleura called?

A

Pleurisy

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15
Q

What do pleura do?

A

effectively stick the lungs to the ribs. This way the elastic recoil of the chess wall keeps the lung stretched open.

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16
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

When air gets into the pleural cavity causing the lung to detach from the ribs and collapse

17
Q

What muscles are involved in inspiration?

A

External intercostal muscles
diaphragm
Sternocleidomastoids
Scalenes

18
Q

What muscles are involved in expiration?

A

Its passive at rest

But under heavy respiratory load the internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles are used.

19
Q

What are the scalenes?

A

3 pairs of muscles in the lateral neck connecting the transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to the first 2 ribs

20
Q

How does air enter the lungs?

A
  • Muscles cause lung to expand increasing volume.
  • Due to boyle’s law the pressure decreases.
  • Air moves from higher pressure outside to lower pressure in lung
21
Q

What abnormal action occurs during asthma?

A

Over-constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle

22
Q

How does asthma cause breathing problems?

A

The over-constricted smooth muscle decreases the airway diameter
Thus the air flow resistance increases
Expiration becomes difficult

23
Q

What are the 3 relevant pressures in breathing?

A

Intra-thoracic pressure (Alveolar) (Pa)
Intra-pleural pressure (Pip)
Transpulmonary pressure (Pt)

24
Q

What is intra-thoracic (alveolar) pressure?

A

Pa:
Pressure inside the thoracic cavity (lungs).
-ve or +ve compared to atmospheric pressure

25
What is intra-pleural pressure?
Pip: Pressure inside pleural cavity. Always -ve
26
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Pt: alveolar pressure - intra-pleural pressure. Always +ve because Pip is always -ve.
27
Is Alveolar pressure +ve or -ve?
Either as compared to atmospheric pressure
28
Is intra-pleural pressure -ve or +ve?
Always -ve
29
How is transpulmonary pressure determined?
Pt = Pa - Pip
30
What is the measurment of pressure?
mm Hg | 'millimetres of mercury'
31
How does alveolar pressure change?
During inspiration it decreases then returns to normal | During expiration it increases then returns to normal
32
How does intrapleural pressure change?
It decreases during inspiration | Returns to normal during expiration
33
What effects bulk flow of air between atmosphere & alveoli?
Proportional to differnce between atmospheric & alveolar pressure. Inversely proportional to airway resistance.
34
Equation for bulk flow of air?
F = (Patm - Pa)/R
35
When does Patm = Pa?
Between breaths at the end of unforced expiration
36
What factor determines how much air flows into the lungs?
- Airway resistance | - Pressure difference between atmosphere & alveoli