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Psych 101 Exam 2 > 2-4 (10/14) Development 1 > Flashcards

2-4 (10/14) Development 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do individuals change as they get older?

A

Development changes individuals, and over the course of development, we change.

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2
Q

Area of development. As we get older, we change physically.

A

Physical development.

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3
Q

Ex. of Physical development

A

Change in height

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4
Q

Area of development. As we get older, our bodies and our minds change, we develop different ways to solve problems.

A

Cognitive development

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5
Q

Ex of cognitive development

A

Kids use intuitive ways to solve problems, adults use more advanced, analytical ways

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6
Q

Area of development. Our ways of relating and interacting with others changes over time

A

Social development

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7
Q

Ex of social development

A

Babies use parallel play, while toddlers and young children begin to play together

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8
Q

One of three major developmental debates. Do our early traits and personalities change over the course of our life, or stay the same?

A

Stability vs Change

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9
Q

One of three major developmental debates. Is development a linear/continuous process? Or are there distinct stages of development?

A

Continuity vs Stages

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10
Q

One of three major developmental debates. Does genetic inheritance of our environment and society shape and mold us?

A

Nature vs Nurture

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11
Q

Research Method. People of different ages are assessed at the same time and their responses are compared.

A

Cross section research

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12
Q

Ex of _______. Which group of individuals are more materialistic, 18 or 80 yr olds?

A

Cross section research

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13
Q

Research method. An advantage is that it is quick and easy, and a disadvantage is that it uses correlation method, and correlation does not imply causation.

A

Cross section research

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14
Q

Cross section research. Differences between generations are due to general differences rather than age.

A

Cohort effect

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15
Q

Research method. The same people re tested ad provide data in many different points of time, 10 days or 10 years.

A

Longitudinal research

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16
Q

Research Method. An advantage is that it allows investigators to asses change as a form of age, and assess directionality. Disadvantages: labor intensive, time consuming, and attrition.

A

Longitudinal research

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17
Q

Longitudinal research. Participants drop out, so you need to recruit a lot of people in order to conduct the study.

A

Attrition

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18
Q

How do psychologists assess non-verbal infants?

A

Researchers asses what infants can do in the absence of language.

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19
Q

Rate of sucking, sleeping, and turning the head.

A

What researchers use to assess the psych of infants.

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20
Q

Newborns. The tendency for attention to a novel stimulus to wane after time. This enables researchers to assess what infants see and remember. Inborn attention, yet gradually look away.

A

Habituation

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21
Q

In the their trimester, ears are developed enough to perceive and discriminate sound.

A

Can fetuses discriminate sound?

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22
Q

DeCasper and Spence: during the last six weeks of pregnancy, mothers read out loud daily, one of two books. Their three day old the listens to the same two books, and the infants chose their book depending on the rate of sucking, and they chose their mom’s book.

A

Infants can remember and prefer sounds.

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23
Q

Newborn Capacities: Automatic unlearned reactions to certain types of simulations. Confer adaptive advantage in the past.

A

Reflexes

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24
Q

NC. A reflex. If you place your finger in a newborn’s hand, they ____ and can support their own body weight.

A

Grasping

25
Q

NC. A reflex. Rub your finger on an infant’s cheek, it funs its head towards your finger and puts it into its mouth, natural reaction because of feeding.

A

Rooting

26
Q

NC. A visual preference. Infant’s vision is focused 8in from its eyes, because of Mom’s face while feeding.

A

Preference for face

27
Q

NC. A _____. Contrast between light and dark, track objects through light

A

Visual Preference

28
Q

NC. Visual preference. Will track movement and and stare longer at face like patterns rather than blank patterns.

A

Preference for face-like stimuli

29
Q

NC. Visual Preference. Infants mimic head movements, sticking out tongue, and purse lips, all automatically.

A

Facial Gestures Imitation

30
Q

NC. At birth, infants are hard of hearing, but they show ability to locate sound.

A

Audio Preferences.

31
Q

NC. Audiatory Preference. They can distingish between notes that are one step up on a musical scare, can distinguish mom’s voice vs another female, and the difference between sounds as similar as ba and pa

A

Capacity for Auditory Discrimination

32
Q

NC. At birth, infants are equipped for taste and smell, due to evolutionary advantage.

A

Taste and Smell Preference

33
Q

NC. Smile after smelling something sweet, look disgusted after smelling rotten eggs.

A

Smell Preference.

34
Q

NC. Have a preference for their mother’s smell or a lactating female vs another female.

A

Smell Preference

35
Q

NC. Smile after tasting something sweet, pucker lips after tasting something sour. Look of disgust after tasting something bitter.

A

Taste Preference.

36
Q

NC. Infants undated the concept of numbers.

A

Sensitivity to numbers.

37
Q

NC. Study, _______. 5mo infants see one or two Mickey Mouse Dolls, on a stage, then one doll is added or taken away. Infants gaze longer at the unexpected outcome (2-1+2 or 1+1=1)

A

Wynn 1992

38
Q

NC. Study, _________. Habituated infants watch a doll jump three times. The infants stared longer if the doll jumped less.

A

Sharon and Wynn 1998

39
Q

How do children develop knowledge? This is an important question for all ages.

A

Cognitive Development

40
Q

The most influential figure in the study of cognitive development.

A

Jean Piaget

41
Q

Making sense of experience: Concepts/ mental holes into which we pour our experiences. Ways of conceptualizing to make sense of environment.

A

Schemas

42
Q

Making sense of experience. Fit new information into their preexisting schemas

A

Assimilation

43
Q

Making sense of experience: Characteristics modify, change, and adjust there shemas to make them fit with new information.

A

Accommodation

44
Q

A and A work together to fit S into

A

Assimilation and Accommodation

45
Q

Stages of Cognitive Development. ______. Four stages. Each stage has a unique thought process.

A

Piaget

46
Q

Stage of CD. Object Permanence. Birth to age two. Two ways to contact the world around them: behaviors and action.

A

Sensorimotor

47
Q

Stage of CD. Object only exists in sensory contact (if you cover an object, it disappears- only exists in view). Comes to realization that objects continue to exist out of view.

A

Sensorimotor. Birth-2

48
Q

Stage of CD. Two to six years. Children are too young to perform mental operational reasoning in an intuitive/pre logical way.

A

Pre-Operational.

49
Q

Stage of CD. Conservation: properties such as mass, volume, and number stay the same despite changes in their form (milk in a tall skinny glass is more than one in a short fat one)

A

Pre-Operational. 2-6

50
Q

Stage of CD. Egocentricism: restriction on perception because we only see things from our perspective.

A

Pre-Operational. 2-6

51
Q

Stage of CD. 6-12 yrs. Logical reasoning. Grasp the concept of conservation, develop a capacity for reasoning.

A

Concrete operation

52
Q

Stage of CD. 12 yrs-rest of their life. Develops capacity for logical hypothesis.

A

Formal operation.

53
Q

Strong attachment with our primary caretaker, changes with emotion. Evidence of this is shown around the world.

A

Social Development.

54
Q

Test the attachment style of the child. Series of separations and reunions.

A

Strange situation test.

55
Q

Style of attachment. Mom leaves, the kid is distressed.

A

Secure attachment

56
Q

Style of attachment. Anxious, cling to mother, cry when mom leave. When the mom returns, the kid responds.

A

Insecure attachement

57
Q

Parenting style. Expect obedience. Kids end up with less social skills and self esteem issues.

A

Authoritarian

58
Q

Parenting style. Parent lets child do do whatever they want. Submit to child’s desire. The kids are aggressive and immature.

A

Permissive

59
Q

Parenting style. Parents are demanding, yet have warm responses. Result in high levels of self esteem, self reliance, and self confidance

A

Authoritative

Psych 101 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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