2-4 (10/14) Development 1

Question 1

How do individuals change as they get older?

Answer 1

Development changes individuals, and over the course of development, we change.

Question 2

Area of development. As we get older, we change physically.

Answer 2

Physical development.

Question 3

Ex. of Physical development

Answer 3

Change in height

Question 4

Area of development. As we get older, our bodies and our minds change, we develop different ways to solve problems.

Answer 4

Cognitive development

Question 5

Ex of cognitive development

Answer 5

Kids use intuitive ways to solve problems, adults use more advanced, analytical ways

Question 6

Area of development. Our ways of relating and interacting with others changes over time

Answer 6

Social development

Question 7

Ex of social development

Answer 7

Babies use parallel play, while toddlers and young children begin to play together

Question 8

One of three major developmental debates. Do our early traits and personalities change over the course of our life, or stay the same?

Answer 8

Stability vs Change

Question 9

One of three major developmental debates. Is development a linear/continuous process? Or are there distinct stages of development?

Answer 9

Continuity vs Stages

Question 10

One of three major developmental debates. Does genetic inheritance of our environment and society shape and mold us?

Answer 10

Nature vs Nurture

Question 11

Research Method. People of different ages are assessed at the same time and their responses are compared.

Answer 11

Cross section research

Question 12

Ex of _______. Which group of individuals are more materialistic, 18 or 80 yr olds?

Answer 12

Cross section research

Question 13

Research method. An advantage is that it is quick and easy, and a disadvantage is that it uses correlation method, and correlation does not imply causation.

Answer 13

Cross section research

Question 14

Cross section research. Differences between generations are due to general differences rather than age.

Answer 14

Cohort effect

Question 15

Research method. The same people re tested ad provide data in many different points of time, 10 days or 10 years.

Answer 15

Longitudinal research

Question 16

Research Method. An advantage is that it allows investigators to asses change as a form of age, and assess directionality. Disadvantages: labor intensive, time consuming, and attrition.

Answer 16

Longitudinal research

Question 17

Longitudinal research. Participants drop out, so you need to recruit a lot of people in order to conduct the study.

Answer 17

Attrition

Question 18

How do psychologists assess non-verbal infants?

Answer 18

Researchers asses what infants can do in the absence of language.

Question 19

Rate of sucking, sleeping, and turning the head.

Answer 19

What researchers use to assess the psych of infants.

Question 20

Newborns. The tendency for attention to a novel stimulus to wane after time. This enables researchers to assess what infants see and remember. Inborn attention, yet gradually look away.

Answer 20

Habituation

Question 21

In the their trimester, ears are developed enough to perceive and discriminate sound.

Answer 21

Can fetuses discriminate sound?

Question 22

DeCasper and Spence: during the last six weeks of pregnancy, mothers read out loud daily, one of two books. Their three day old the listens to the same two books, and the infants chose their book depending on the rate of sucking, and they chose their mom’s book.

Answer 22

Infants can remember and prefer sounds.

Question 23

Newborn Capacities: Automatic unlearned reactions to certain types of simulations. Confer adaptive advantage in the past.

Answer 23

Reflexes

Question 24

NC. A reflex. If you place your finger in a newborn’s hand, they ____ and can support their own body weight.

Answer 24

Grasping

Question 25

NC. A reflex. Rub your finger on an infant's cheek, it funs its head towards your finger and puts it into its mouth, natural reaction because of feeding.

Answer 25

Rooting

Question 26

NC. A visual preference. Infant's vision is focused 8in from its eyes, because of Mom's face while feeding.

Answer 26

Preference for face

Question 27

NC. A _____. Contrast between light and dark, track objects through light

Answer 27

Visual Preference

Question 28

NC. Visual preference. Will track movement and and stare longer at face like patterns rather than blank patterns.

Answer 28

Preference for face-like stimuli

Question 29

NC. Visual Preference. Infants mimic head movements, sticking out tongue, and purse lips, all automatically.

Answer 29

Facial Gestures Imitation

Question 30

NC. At birth, infants are hard of hearing, but they show ability to locate sound.

Answer 30

Audio Preferences.

Question 31

NC. Audiatory Preference. They can distingish between notes that are one step up on a musical scare, can distinguish mom's voice vs another female, and the difference between sounds as similar as ba and pa

Answer 31

Capacity for Auditory Discrimination

Question 32

NC. At birth, infants are equipped for taste and smell, due to evolutionary advantage.

Answer 32

Taste and Smell Preference

Question 33

NC. Smile after smelling something sweet, look disgusted after smelling rotten eggs.

Answer 33

Smell Preference.

Question 34

NC. Have a preference for their mother's smell or a lactating female vs another female.

Answer 34

Smell Preference

Question 35

NC. Smile after tasting something sweet, pucker lips after tasting something sour. Look of disgust after tasting something bitter.

Answer 35

Taste Preference.

Question 36

NC. Infants undated the concept of numbers.

Answer 36

Sensitivity to numbers.

Question 37

NC. Study, _______. 5mo infants see one or two Mickey Mouse Dolls, on a stage, then one doll is added or taken away. Infants gaze longer at the unexpected outcome (2-1+2 or 1+1=1)

Answer 37

Wynn 1992

Question 38

NC. Study, _________. Habituated infants watch a doll jump three times. The infants stared longer if the doll jumped less.

Answer 38

Sharon and Wynn 1998

Question 39

How do children develop knowledge? This is an important question for all ages.

Answer 39

Cognitive Development

Question 40

The most influential figure in the study of cognitive development.

Answer 40

Jean Piaget

Question 41

Making sense of experience: Concepts/ mental holes into which we pour our experiences. Ways of conceptualizing to make sense of environment.

Answer 41

Schemas

Question 42

Making sense of experience. Fit new information into their preexisting schemas

Answer 42

Assimilation

Question 43

Making sense of experience: Characteristics modify, change, and adjust there shemas to make them fit with new information.

Answer 43

Accommodation

Question 44

A and A work together to fit S into

Answer 44

Assimilation and Accommodation

Question 45

Stages of Cognitive Development. ______. Four stages. Each stage has a unique thought process.

Answer 45

Piaget

Question 46

Stage of CD. Object Permanence. Birth to age two. Two ways to contact the world around them: behaviors and action.

Answer 46

Sensorimotor

Question 47

Stage of CD. Object only exists in sensory contact (if you cover an object, it disappears- only exists in view). Comes to realization that objects continue to exist out of view.

Answer 47

Sensorimotor. Birth-2

Question 48

Stage of CD. Two to six years. Children are too young to perform mental operational reasoning in an intuitive/pre logical way.

Answer 48

Pre-Operational.

Question 49

Stage of CD. Conservation: properties such as mass, volume, and number stay the same despite changes in their form (milk in a tall skinny glass is more than one in a short fat one)

Answer 49

Pre-Operational. 2-6

Question 50

Stage of CD. Egocentricism: restriction on perception because we only see things from our perspective.

Answer 50

Pre-Operational. 2-6

Question 51

Stage of CD. 6-12 yrs. Logical reasoning. Grasp the concept of conservation, develop a capacity for reasoning.

Answer 51

Concrete operation

Question 52

Stage of CD. 12 yrs-rest of their life. Develops capacity for logical hypothesis.

Answer 52

Formal operation.

Question 53

Strong attachment with our primary caretaker, changes with emotion. Evidence of this is shown around the world.

Answer 53

Social Development.

Question 54

Test the attachment style of the child. Series of separations and reunions.

Answer 54

Strange situation test.

Question 55

Style of attachment. Mom leaves, the kid is distressed.

Answer 55

Secure attachment

Question 56

Style of attachment. Anxious, cling to mother, cry when mom leave. When the mom returns, the kid responds.

Answer 56

Insecure attachement

Question 57

Parenting style. Expect obedience. Kids end up with less social skills and self esteem issues.

Answer 57

Authoritarian

Question 58

Parenting style. Parent lets child do do whatever they want. Submit to child's desire. The kids are aggressive and immature.

Answer 58

Permissive

Question 59

Parenting style. Parents are demanding, yet have warm responses. Result in high levels of self esteem, self reliance, and self confidance

Answer 59

Authoritative