2-4 (10/14) Development 1 Flashcards
How do individuals change as they get older?
Development changes individuals, and over the course of development, we change.
Area of development. As we get older, we change physically.
Physical development.
Ex. of Physical development
Change in height
Area of development. As we get older, our bodies and our minds change, we develop different ways to solve problems.
Cognitive development
Ex of cognitive development
Kids use intuitive ways to solve problems, adults use more advanced, analytical ways
Area of development. Our ways of relating and interacting with others changes over time
Social development
Ex of social development
Babies use parallel play, while toddlers and young children begin to play together
One of three major developmental debates. Do our early traits and personalities change over the course of our life, or stay the same?
Stability vs Change
One of three major developmental debates. Is development a linear/continuous process? Or are there distinct stages of development?
Continuity vs Stages
One of three major developmental debates. Does genetic inheritance of our environment and society shape and mold us?
Nature vs Nurture
Research Method. People of different ages are assessed at the same time and their responses are compared.
Cross section research
Ex of _______. Which group of individuals are more materialistic, 18 or 80 yr olds?
Cross section research
Research method. An advantage is that it is quick and easy, and a disadvantage is that it uses correlation method, and correlation does not imply causation.
Cross section research
Cross section research. Differences between generations are due to general differences rather than age.
Cohort effect
Research method. The same people re tested ad provide data in many different points of time, 10 days or 10 years.
Longitudinal research
Research Method. An advantage is that it allows investigators to asses change as a form of age, and assess directionality. Disadvantages: labor intensive, time consuming, and attrition.
Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research. Participants drop out, so you need to recruit a lot of people in order to conduct the study.
Attrition
How do psychologists assess non-verbal infants?
Researchers asses what infants can do in the absence of language.
Rate of sucking, sleeping, and turning the head.
What researchers use to assess the psych of infants.
Newborns. The tendency for attention to a novel stimulus to wane after time. This enables researchers to assess what infants see and remember. Inborn attention, yet gradually look away.
Habituation
In the their trimester, ears are developed enough to perceive and discriminate sound.
Can fetuses discriminate sound?
DeCasper and Spence: during the last six weeks of pregnancy, mothers read out loud daily, one of two books. Their three day old the listens to the same two books, and the infants chose their book depending on the rate of sucking, and they chose their mom’s book.
Infants can remember and prefer sounds.
Newborn Capacities: Automatic unlearned reactions to certain types of simulations. Confer adaptive advantage in the past.
Reflexes
NC. A reflex. If you place your finger in a newborn’s hand, they ____ and can support their own body weight.
Grasping
NC. A reflex. Rub your finger on an infant’s cheek, it funs its head towards your finger and puts it into its mouth, natural reaction because of feeding.
Rooting
NC. A visual preference. Infant’s vision is focused 8in from its eyes, because of Mom’s face while feeding.
Preference for face
NC. A _____. Contrast between light and dark, track objects through light
Visual Preference
NC. Visual preference. Will track movement and and stare longer at face like patterns rather than blank patterns.
Preference for face-like stimuli
NC. Visual Preference. Infants mimic head movements, sticking out tongue, and purse lips, all automatically.
Facial Gestures Imitation
NC. At birth, infants are hard of hearing, but they show ability to locate sound.
Audio Preferences.
NC. Audiatory Preference. They can distingish between notes that are one step up on a musical scare, can distinguish mom’s voice vs another female, and the difference between sounds as similar as ba and pa
Capacity for Auditory Discrimination
NC. At birth, infants are equipped for taste and smell, due to evolutionary advantage.
Taste and Smell Preference
NC. Smile after smelling something sweet, look disgusted after smelling rotten eggs.
Smell Preference.
NC. Have a preference for their mother’s smell or a lactating female vs another female.
Smell Preference
NC. Smile after tasting something sweet, pucker lips after tasting something sour. Look of disgust after tasting something bitter.
Taste Preference.
NC. Infants undated the concept of numbers.
Sensitivity to numbers.
NC. Study, _______. 5mo infants see one or two Mickey Mouse Dolls, on a stage, then one doll is added or taken away. Infants gaze longer at the unexpected outcome (2-1+2 or 1+1=1)
Wynn 1992
NC. Study, _________. Habituated infants watch a doll jump three times. The infants stared longer if the doll jumped less.
Sharon and Wynn 1998
How do children develop knowledge? This is an important question for all ages.
Cognitive Development
The most influential figure in the study of cognitive development.
Jean Piaget
Making sense of experience: Concepts/ mental holes into which we pour our experiences. Ways of conceptualizing to make sense of environment.
Schemas
Making sense of experience. Fit new information into their preexisting schemas
Assimilation
Making sense of experience: Characteristics modify, change, and adjust there shemas to make them fit with new information.
Accommodation
A and A work together to fit S into
Assimilation and Accommodation
Stages of Cognitive Development. ______. Four stages. Each stage has a unique thought process.
Piaget
Stage of CD. Object Permanence. Birth to age two. Two ways to contact the world around them: behaviors and action.
Sensorimotor
Stage of CD. Object only exists in sensory contact (if you cover an object, it disappears- only exists in view). Comes to realization that objects continue to exist out of view.
Sensorimotor. Birth-2
Stage of CD. Two to six years. Children are too young to perform mental operational reasoning in an intuitive/pre logical way.
Pre-Operational.
Stage of CD. Conservation: properties such as mass, volume, and number stay the same despite changes in their form (milk in a tall skinny glass is more than one in a short fat one)
Pre-Operational. 2-6
Stage of CD. Egocentricism: restriction on perception because we only see things from our perspective.
Pre-Operational. 2-6
Stage of CD. 6-12 yrs. Logical reasoning. Grasp the concept of conservation, develop a capacity for reasoning.
Concrete operation
Stage of CD. 12 yrs-rest of their life. Develops capacity for logical hypothesis.
Formal operation.
Strong attachment with our primary caretaker, changes with emotion. Evidence of this is shown around the world.
Social Development.
Test the attachment style of the child. Series of separations and reunions.
Strange situation test.
Style of attachment. Mom leaves, the kid is distressed.
Secure attachment
Style of attachment. Anxious, cling to mother, cry when mom leave. When the mom returns, the kid responds.
Insecure attachement
Parenting style. Expect obedience. Kids end up with less social skills and self esteem issues.
Authoritarian
Parenting style. Parent lets child do do whatever they want. Submit to child’s desire. The kids are aggressive and immature.
Permissive
Parenting style. Parents are demanding, yet have warm responses. Result in high levels of self esteem, self reliance, and self confidance
Authoritative
