2-2 (10/7) Cognition and Language

Question 1

Basic building blocks of abstract thoughts. Mental groupings of similar persons, places, ideas, and objects.

Answer 1

Concepts

Question 2

Concepts are stored as complex hierarchies in the __________ part of the ________.

Answer 2

Long Term Mem, Semantic Memory

Question 3

Purpose of ____: To simplify all the information in our memory

Answer 3

Concepts

Question 4

When one concept is activated, another closely related concept pops into mind.

Answer 4

Priming Concepts

Question 5

Concept Experiment

Answer 5

Meyer and Schvanneveldt. Pairs of letter strings. Participants are asked if they are both words. Participants were quickest to determine that both were words when they are semantically linked.

Question 6

How do we form concepts in our mind? Two ways

Answer 6

By definition and by prototype

Question 7

Typical member of a category that has the most defining features of that category

Answer 7

Prototype

Question 8

Example of Prototype

Answer 8

Robin vs Penguin. The more prototypical, the more likely we are to recognize them as a category.

Question 9

1st step to Problem Solving. Mental images, seeing the problem in our minds.

Answer 9

Represent the problem

Question 10

Representing the problem: Intuitive theories of the way things work. When accurate, they allow us to quickly diagnose and solve problems. Allows for efficiency

Answer 10

Mental Models

Question 11

Example of Mental Models

Answer 11

Righty tighty, lefty loosey

Question 12

2nd step in Problem Solving. Aimless.

Answer 12

General Solution

Question 13

General Solution. Hit or miss approach. The simplest, but not the most efficient

Answer 13

Trial and Error

Question 14

General Solution. Step by step procedures guaranteed eventually to produce a solution. Must consider and try many different solutions.

Answer 14

Algorithms

Question 15

General Solution. Mental shortcuts, rules of thumb that may/may not lead to the solution. Speedier, but error prone.

Answer 15

Heuristics

Question 16

Heuristics example

Answer 16

C O O L K C – CK is a common ending, the word is Clock

Question 17

General Solution. Solution seems to pop into mind all of the sudden. Seems to arise when we hit a barrier. Relax, reframe the problem

Answer 17

Insight

Question 18

Blind Spot in PS. People often times conceptualize problems in ways that make the problems seem impossible. Belief that there is no solution.

Answer 18

Representation Failures

Question 19

Blind Spot in PS. A tendency to think of an object only in the terms of its usual function. We need to think of the problem in other ways.

Answer 19

Function Fixedness

Question 20

Blind Spot in PS. Inability to view problems from a fresh perspecive

Answer 20

Mental Sets

Question 21

Blind Spot in PS. Once we think we have a solution to a problem, we can only find evidence to confirm our solution. We need to seek out contradictory evidence.

Answer 21

Confirmation Bias

Question 22

Blind Spot in PS. Tendency to cling to beliefs even after they are discredited

Answer 22

Belief Perseverance

Question 23

Biases in Judgement: Tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how typical the event seems.

Answer 23

Representativeness Bias Heuristic

Question 24

Biases in Judgement Heuristic. 30 Engineers, 70 lawyers. We tend to think that a random person would be a lawyer.

Answer 24

Representativeness Bias Heuristic

Question 25

Biases in Judgement: Tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily those events come to mind.

Answer 25

Availability Bias Heuristic

Question 26

Biases in Judgement: are words that start with K or have K as the third letter more common?

Answer 26

Availability Bias Heuristic

Question 27

Biases in Judgement: Describes the tendency to use one stimuli as an anchor or reference point in judging a second stimuli.

Answer 27

Anchoring Effects Heuristic

Question 28

Biases in Judgement: Roulette wheel and statistics

Answer 28

Anchoring Effects Heuristics

Question 29

Biases in Judgement: Our tendency to be influence by thew ay the issue is worded or framed.

Answer 29

Framing effect Heuristic

Question 30

Biases in Judgement: Condoms are more favorable when viewed as 95% than 5% (flipping the statistic)

Answer 30

Framing Effect Heuristic

Question 31

Spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

Answer 31

Language

Question 32

What do communication and language do in the animal world?

Answer 32

They increase the chance of survival and reproduction

Question 33

Number of languages

Answer 33

4,000-10,000

Question 34

Universal Characteristic. Describes the idea that language is used to convey meaning.

Answer 34

Semanticity

Question 35

Semanticity. The basic sounds of all spoken languages. The smallest unit of speech. They do not convey meaning on their own.

Answer 35

Phonemes

Question 36

Semanticity. The smallest units of speech that carry meaning.

Answer 36

Morphemes

Question 37

Semanticity. Example. Un -hink - able (prefix, root, suffix)

Answer 37

Morphemes

Question 38

Universal Characteristic. Capacity to use a finite number of words and sets of rules combined to create an infinite variety of novel expression. Based on grammar.

Answer 38

Generativity

Question 39

Generativity. System of rules that allow us to communicate with others

Answer 39

Grammar

Question 40

Type of Grammar. Sets of rules used to derive meaning from language. Verb + -ed ____ically indicates the verb is in past tense

Answer 40

Semantic Grammar

Question 41

Rules of language that govern the arrangement of words in a sentence.

Answer 41

Syntax

Question 42

Ex. of _____: adjective/noun placement. English: red wine. Spanish: Casa Asul.

Answer 42

Syntax

Question 43

Lang and Development. BF Skinner, "All behavior controlled by reinforcements..." applied to language

Answer 43

Operant Conditioning

Question 44

Operant Conditioning. Humans form links between sights of objects and the sounds of the words used to specify them.

Answer 44

Association

Question 45

Operant Conditioing. Humans learn language by modeling words and syntax. Madeline doesn't have time for purple vegetables.

Answer 45

Imitation

Question 46

Operant Conditioning. We learn language by receiving ____ after using it correctly. Giving hugs and praise to children learning language.

Answer 46

Reinforcement

Question 47

Lang and Development. Noam Chomask - Children acquire language at a rate to fast to be explained by conditioning, sentences too complex. We have a capacity for language that with nurture, develops.

Answer 47

Inborn Universal Grammar.