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Psych 101 Exam 2 > 2-2 (10/7) Cognition and Language > Flashcards

2-2 (10/7) Cognition and Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic building blocks of abstract thoughts. Mental groupings of similar persons, places, ideas, and objects.

A

Concepts

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2
Q

Concepts are stored as complex hierarchies in the __________ part of the ________.

A

Long Term Mem, Semantic Memory

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3
Q

Purpose of ____: To simplify all the information in our memory

A

Concepts

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4
Q

When one concept is activated, another closely related concept pops into mind.

A

Priming Concepts

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5
Q

Concept Experiment

A

Meyer and Schvanneveldt. Pairs of letter strings. Participants are asked if they are both words. Participants were quickest to determine that both were words when they are semantically linked.

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6
Q

How do we form concepts in our mind? Two ways

A

By definition and by prototype

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7
Q

Typical member of a category that has the most defining features of that category

A

Prototype

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8
Q

Example of Prototype

A

Robin vs Penguin. The more prototypical, the more likely we are to recognize them as a category.

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9
Q

1st step to Problem Solving. Mental images, seeing the problem in our minds.

A

Represent the problem

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10
Q

Representing the problem: Intuitive theories of the way things work. When accurate, they allow us to quickly diagnose and solve problems. Allows for efficiency

A

Mental Models

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11
Q

Example of Mental Models

A

Righty tighty, lefty loosey

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12
Q

2nd step in Problem Solving. Aimless.

A

General Solution

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13
Q

General Solution. Hit or miss approach. The simplest, but not the most efficient

A

Trial and Error

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14
Q

General Solution. Step by step procedures guaranteed eventually to produce a solution. Must consider and try many different solutions.

A

Algorithms

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15
Q

General Solution. Mental shortcuts, rules of thumb that may/may not lead to the solution. Speedier, but error prone.

A

Heuristics

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16
Q

Heuristics example

A

C O O L K C – CK is a common ending, the word is Clock

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17
Q

General Solution. Solution seems to pop into mind all of the sudden. Seems to arise when we hit a barrier. Relax, reframe the problem

A

Insight

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18
Q

Blind Spot in PS. People often times conceptualize problems in ways that make the problems seem impossible. Belief that there is no solution.

A

Representation Failures

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19
Q

Blind Spot in PS. A tendency to think of an object only in the terms of its usual function. We need to think of the problem in other ways.

A

Function Fixedness

20
Q

Blind Spot in PS. Inability to view problems from a fresh perspecive

A

Mental Sets

21
Q

Blind Spot in PS. Once we think we have a solution to a problem, we can only find evidence to confirm our solution. We need to seek out contradictory evidence.

A

Confirmation Bias

22
Q

Blind Spot in PS. Tendency to cling to beliefs even after they are discredited

A

Belief Perseverance

23
Q

Biases in Judgement: Tendency to judge the likelihood of an event by how typical the event seems.

A

Representativeness Bias Heuristic

24
Q

Biases in Judgement Heuristic. 30 Engineers, 70 lawyers. We tend to think that a random person would be a lawyer.

A

Representativeness Bias Heuristic

25
Q

Biases in Judgement: Tendency to estimate the likelihood of an event based on how easily those events come to mind.

A

Availability Bias Heuristic

26
Q

Biases in Judgement: are words that start with K or have K as the third letter more common?

A

Availability Bias Heuristic

27
Q

Biases in Judgement: Describes the tendency to use one stimuli as an anchor or reference point in judging a second stimuli.

A

Anchoring Effects Heuristic

28
Q

Biases in Judgement: Roulette wheel and statistics

A

Anchoring Effects Heuristics

29
Q

Biases in Judgement: Our tendency to be influence by thew ay the issue is worded or framed.

A

Framing effect Heuristic

30
Q

Biases in Judgement: Condoms are more favorable when viewed as 95% than 5% (flipping the statistic)

A

Framing Effect Heuristic

31
Q

Spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

A

Language

32
Q

What do communication and language do in the animal world?

A

They increase the chance of survival and reproduction

33
Q

Number of languages

A

4,000-10,000

34
Q

Universal Characteristic. Describes the idea that language is used to convey meaning.

A

Semanticity

35
Q

Semanticity. The basic sounds of all spoken languages. The smallest unit of speech. They do not convey meaning on their own.

A

Phonemes

36
Q

Semanticity. The smallest units of speech that carry meaning.

A

Morphemes

37
Q

Semanticity. Example. Un -hink - able (prefix, root, suffix)

A

Morphemes

38
Q

Universal Characteristic. Capacity to use a finite number of words and sets of rules combined to create an infinite variety of novel expression. Based on grammar.

A

Generativity

39
Q

Generativity. System of rules that allow us to communicate with others

A

Grammar

40
Q

Type of Grammar. Sets of rules used to derive meaning from language. Verb + -ed ____ically indicates the verb is in past tense

A

Semantic Grammar

41
Q

Rules of language that govern the arrangement of words in a sentence.

A

Syntax

42
Q

Ex. of _____: adjective/noun placement. English: red wine. Spanish: Casa Asul.

A

Syntax

43
Q

Lang and Development. BF Skinner, “All behavior controlled by reinforcements…” applied to language

A

Operant Conditioning

44
Q

Operant Conditioning. Humans form links between sights of objects and the sounds of the words used to specify them.

A

Association

45
Q

Operant Conditioing. Humans learn language by modeling words and syntax. Madeline doesn’t have time for purple vegetables.

A

Imitation

46
Q

Operant Conditioning. We learn language by receiving ____ after using it correctly. Giving hugs and praise to children learning language.

A

Reinforcement

47
Q

Lang and Development. Noam Chomask - Children acquire language at a rate to fast to be explained by conditioning, sentences too complex. We have a capacity for language that with nurture, develops.

A

Inborn Universal Grammar.

Psych 101 Exam 2 (5 decks)

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