2/3 Parathyroid Gland - Hypercalcaemia COMPLETE*** Flashcards
Hypercalcaemia: State all the possible causes of Hypercalcaemia 5
hyperparathyroidism
osteolysis
activity of PTH-like substances
increased vitamin D activity
idiopathic hypercalcaemia
PTH: Name a hormone which behaves like PTH but isn’t PTH
- What produces it? 4
parathyroid hormone related peptide
cartilage
bone
muscle
specific tumours
Hypercalcaemia: What are the 2 types of Hypercalcaemia?
parathyroid dependent or parathyroid independent
Hypercalcaemia: State the Mneumonic used to remember a range of different reasons for Hypercalcaemia
HOGS IN YARD
hyperparathyroidism
osteolysis
granulomatous disease
spurious
idiopathic
neoplasia
young
addisions disease
renal disease
vitamin d toxicity
Hypercalcaemia: Give some reasons for Parathyroid dependent hypercalcaemia 4
parathyroid adenoma
parathyroid adenocarcinoma
parathyroid hyperplasia
calcium sensor defect
Hypercalcaemia: Give some possible reasons for Hypercalcaemia if its Parathyroid Independent 8
humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy
vitamin d excess
osteolysis
feline idiopathic hypercalcaemia
hypoadrenocorticism
raisin toxicity
andiostrongylus
Hypercalcaemia: What are the main causes for Hypercalcaemia in dogs? 2
malignancy
addisions
Hypercalcaemia: What is the most common reason for Hypercalcaemia in cats?
idiopathic hypercalcaemia
Hypercalcaemia: What are the clinical signs? - Give reasons for them
poly uria and polydipsia as calcium antagonises ADH
weakness, depression, dullness due to depressed excitability of muscular and nervous tissue
anorexia, constipation, vomiting due to decreased excitability of GI smooth muscle and the direct effect on the CNS
muscle twitching due to vasospasm
bradycardia because contractility had increased but myocardial excitability has decreased
Hypercalcaemia: Diagnosis
- State the steps you would take in diagnosing 3
review the history
review the clinical examination
blood biochemistry
Hypercalcaemia: What sorts of things would you be looking for on the history? 3
diet - supplementation, access to grapes
access to vitamin D - supplements, rodenticides
signalment - more common in older animals and keeshonds
Hypercalcaemia: What are you looking for on a clinical exam? 4
palpating lymph nodes
checking for anal sac masses
image for other masses
faecal examination for angiostrongylus
Hypercalcaemia: If caused by Hypervitaminosis D, what is the telltale sign?
soft tissue mineralisation due to increased calcium and phsophate
Hypercalcaemia: How can you differentiate between parathyroid dependent and parathyroid independent?
if parathyroid dependent, the parathyroid hormone will be increased which is causing the calcium increase
if parathyroid independent, the parathyroid hormone will be decreased due to negative feedback from high calcium
Diagnose:
High calcium
High PTH
NO PTRrP
pituitary dependent
