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Reproductive And Development > 2-23-16-Ovarian And Menstrual Cycles (Cole) > Flashcards

2-23-16-Ovarian And Menstrual Cycles (Cole) Flashcards

1
Q

An oogonium (2n) undergoes mitotic divisions in the embryo during oogenesis to become a ___

A

Primary oocyte (2n)

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2
Q

__ are present at birth and arrested in prophase I until ovulation

A

Primary oocyte

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3
Q

A primary oocytes undergoes completion of Meiosis I and produces a secondary oocyte and 1st polary body and becomes arrested in __ until fertilization

A

Metaphase II

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4
Q

__ are paired pelvic organs found within the broad ligament, are supplied by ovarian vessels (suspensory ligament), and is a temporary endocrine gland to prepare the uterus for implantation and to maintain the developing embryo

A

Ovaries

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5
Q

__ produces female gametes, secretes estrogen and progesterone, regulates postnatal growth of reproductive organs, and controls development of secondary sex characteristics

A

Ovaries

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6
Q

Oocyte-containing follicles are found in the ___

Stroma and blood supply are found in the ___

A

Cortex of ovary

Medulla of ovary

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7
Q

List the 3 phases of the ovarian cycle:

A

1) Follicular (days 1-14)
2) ovulation
3) luteal (days 15-28)

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8
Q

This phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by:

  • Growth of the dominant follice
  • Primordial to tertiary (Graafian) follicles
  • Typically lasts 10-14 days
  • Duration is variable due to variable length of menstruation
A

Follicular

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9
Q

This phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by:

  • Oocyte rupturing out of the graafian follicle
  • Occurs mid-cycle at day 14
  • In response to surge in LH
A

Ovulation

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10
Q

This phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by:

  • Corpus luteum forms, secretes progesterone and estrogen to accomodate potential gestation
  • Phase is relatively constant lasting 14 days
A

Luteal

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11
Q

Identify the part of the Follicular phase of the ovarian cycle:

  • This is a primary oocyte surrounded by squamous epithelium
  • BEFORE puberty; Inactive follicle
A

1st: Primordial follicle

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12
Q

Identify the part of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle:

  • Single layer of cuboidal follicular epithelium
  • Zona pellucida befins to form
A

2nd: early primary or unilayered follicle

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13
Q

Identify the part of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle:

  • Several layers of cuboidal follicular epithelial cells
  • Zona pellucida forms glycoprotein coat around the oocyte
A

3rd: late primary or multilayered follicle

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14
Q

This follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by:

  • Follicular cells continuing to proliferate –> stratum (zona) granulosum
  • Ovarian stroma around follicle differentiates into Theca interna and externa
  • Fluid filled cavities (Call-Exner bodies) appear between follicular cells (fluid is liqour folliculi)
A

4th: secondary follicle

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15
Q

In the secondary follicle (follicular phase), ___ is squamous cells surrounding follicular cells and ___ is a capsule-like layer continuous with the connective tissue of the ovary

A

Theca interna

Theca externa

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16
Q

This follicular phase of the ovarian cycle is characterized by:

  • Antrum occupies much of the space
  • Oocyte displaced to one side
  • Developed corona radiata (layer of follicular cells surrounding oocyte)
  • Developed cumulus oophorus (pedestal of follicular cells anchoring oocyte to the wall)
  • Primary oocyte nearing completion of Meiosis I (not until ovulation)
A

5th: mature (graafian) follicle

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17
Q

What are the 2 forms of paracrine signaling that take place during folliculogenesis?

A
  • Granulosa cell-Primary oocyte bidirectional signaling
  • Theca cell-Granulosa cell synergistic communication

Members of the TGF-beta superfamily feature prominently amongst the growing list of EC ligands implicated in the bi-directional communication

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18
Q

___ is characterized by enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts. It results from disrupted folliculogenesis caused by a defect in the paracrine oocyte-granulosa cell signaling mechanism. It can cause infrequent or prolonged menstrual periods, excess hair growth, acne, and obesity. In adolescents, infrequent or abssent menstruation may raise suspicion of this condition

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

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19
Q

___ is stimulated by a surge of LH (pars distalis)

A

Ovulation

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20
Q

During the ovulatory phase, blood vessels of the theca interna invade the antrum to become the ___

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

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21
Q

___ is mid-cycle pain due to ovulation. It is characterized by discomfort in the lower abdomen due to peritoneal irritation and can mimic appendicitis

A

Mittelschmerz

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22
Q

__ acting at receptors stimulates tubal motility, while __ inhibits tubal motility (regarding ovulation)

A

Estrogens

Progesterone

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23
Q

Before ovulation, contractions are gentle, with some individual variations in rate and pattern.

At ovulation, contractions become vigorous and the __ contracts to bring the tube in more contact with the ovary while the ___ contracts rhythmically to sweep over the ovarian surface

A

Mesosalpinx

Fimbria

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24
Q

As ___ levels rise 4-6 days after ovulation, it inhibits tubal motility. THis may lead to relaxation of the tubal musculature to allow passage of the ovum into the uterus by action of the tubal cilia

A

Progesterone

25
Q

After ovulation, the residual components of the ruptured follicle forms the ___

A

Corpus luteum

26
Q

What are functions of the corpus luteum?

A

Synthesize and secrete steroid hormones –> necessary if pregnancy occurs (stimulates hCG)

27
Q

The corpus luteum consists of:

___ which makes estrogen

___ which makes androstenedione and progesterone

A

Follicular AKA Granulosa (lutein) cells

Theca (lutein) cells

28
Q

__ is a dense CT scar formed from degeneration of corpus luteum, remains for a variable period, and is gradually absorbed by macrophages within the stroma

A

Corpus albicans

29
Q

Early in the follicular phase, estrogen and progesterone levels are ___

A

Low –> feedback to increase FSH and LH (via GnRH from hypothalamus) and thus, see rising levels of estrogen

30
Q

In luteal phase, corpus luteum makes estrogen and progesterone –> feedback to inhibit FSH and LH release –> FSH and LH levels will ___ –> Estrogen and progesterone levels will ___

A

Decrease

Decrease

31
Q

What are the 3 layers of the uterus?

A

Endometrium
Myometrium
Perimetrium

32
Q

This layer of the uterus has a functional layer (stratum functionalis) and a basal layer (stratum basalis)

A

Endometrium

33
Q

This uterus layer has 3 layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle:

A

Myometrium

34
Q

This uterus layer consists of simple squamous epithelium:

A

Perimetrium

35
Q

The endometrium is of __ epithelium

___ of the endometrium consists of fibroblasts, ground substance, Type III collagen

___ of the endometrium proliferates and sloughs off during menstruation, is hormone sensitive, and undergoes cyclic changes

___ of the endometrium regenerates the functional layer (stem cells) and is not hormone sensitive

A

Simple columnar

Lamina Propria

Stratum functionalis

Stratum basalis

36
Q

Which smooth muscle layer of myometrium contains the arcuate arteries “Straum vasculare”?

A

Middle layer

37
Q

Oogenesis starts with a primordial oocyte in the embryo then undergoes mitotic divisions to first produce __

A

Oogonium (2n)

38
Q

This layer of the endometrium proliferates and sloughs off during menstruation. It is hormone-sensitive and has cyclical changes

A

Stratum functionalis

39
Q

This endometrium layer regenerates the functional layer (stem cells) and is not hormone-sensitive

A

Stratum basalis

40
Q

This uterine layer does not change with the menstrual cycle and does undergo hypertrophy and hyperplasia during pregnancy

A

Myometrium

41
Q

The uterine aa. Gives off the __ aa. In the myometrium which branches to form 2 sets of arteries

A

Arcuate

42
Q

___ aa. Is off of the arcuate aa. And goes straight to the stratum basalis

___ aa. Is off of the arcuate aa and goes to the stratum functionalis and is important in cyclic shedding of stratum functionalis

A

Straight

Spiral (helical)

43
Q

___ are benign tumors that arise from the overgrowth of smooth muscle and connective tissue in the uterus. They are classified based on location and a genetic predisposition to this growth exists

A

Leiomyoma (Uterine fibroid)

44
Q

___ is the surgical treatment that is available locally for the uterine fibroids. It is the removal of fibroids with the preservation of the uterus

A

Myomectomy

45
Q

___ is a radiologic alternative to the surgery that involves partial blockage of the uterine arteries with polyvinyal alcohol (PVA) particles and decreases the blood flow to the uterus and fibroids

A

Uterine artery embolization

46
Q

What are the 3/4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) proliferative phase (11 days)
2) secretory phase (12 days)
3) ischemic
4) menstrual phase (5 days)

47
Q

This phase of the menstrual cycle is when the functional layer begins to thicken. Spiral arteries are short and deep in the endometrium and endometrial glands are short, straight, and empty (no glycogen)

A

Proliferative phase

48
Q

This phase of the menstrual cycle is when the functional layer becomes very thick. Spiral arteries are long and growing superficially in the endometrium and endometrial glands are tortuous and are filled with glycogen-rich secretory products

A

Secretory phase

49
Q

This phase of the menstrual cycle is initiated by regression of the corpus luteum because no fertilization has occured –> decrease in estrogen and progesterone. The spiral arteries begin to contract to the junction of the straight arteries –> necrosis. The endometrial glands undergo necrosis and detach from the functional layer. Neutrophils and lymphocytes infiltrae and there is shedding of the endometrial lining

A

Menstrual phase

50
Q

__ is the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, usually the uterine tubes, ovary, and peritoneal lining of abdomen and pelvis. It can respond to ovarian hormones, trapped endometrial tissue can lead to cysts, scar tissue, and adhesion. Painful periods (dysmenorrhea) are present and is commonly first diagnosed in infertility workup

A

Endometriosis

51
Q

These prostaglanding are released from endometrial cells which stimulate uterine contractions and the pain associated with dysmenorrhea:

A

PGE2 and PGF2alpha

52
Q

___ is the absence of derivatives of the paramesonephric (mullerian) ducts

A

Mullerian agenesis or mayer-rokitansky-kuster-hauser syndrome

53
Q

___ is caused by a defect in AMH gene or its receptor (AMHR2)

A

Persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) 46 males

54
Q

___=45X and will have atrophic ovaries

A

Turner’s syndrome

55
Q

Cervical intraepithelia neoplasia (CIN) and HPV can develop into a __ or progress to an __

A

Carcinoma in situ

Invasive carcinoma

56
Q

___ is the most common site of squamous cell carcinoma. It is preceded by changes called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

A

Transformation zone

57
Q

__ is the cervical cancer vaccine that helps protect against 4 types of HPV

A

Gardasil

58
Q

OVARIAN CYCLE OVERVIEW:

___ stimulates the follicular phase to allow for follicle maturation and estrogen production

___ gradually increases and about mid-cycle stimulates ovulation

Post-ovulation, corpus luteum significantly increases ___ production and estrogen is still being produced

If no fertilization–> corpus albicans and shedding of uterine lining which leads to ___

A

FSH

LH

Progesterone

Menstruation

Reproductive And Development (16 decks)

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