2-22-16-Male Repro Histology (Cole)

Question 1

List the 3 layers of the walls of seminiferous tubules:

Answer 1

Tunica propria
Basal lamina
Seminiferous epithelium

Question 2

___ are tall, branched columnar cells that rest on the basement membrane. They have a pale, oval nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and protect developing spermatids

Answer 2

Sertoli (supporting) cells

Question 3

___ respond to FSH, their margins are poorly defined yet bound tightly (occluding junctions), form a continuous sheath around the lumen and are part of the blood-testis barrier

Answer 3

Sertoli cells

Question 4

List the 4 functions of sertoli cells:

Answer 4

1) Physical support-extensive cytoplasmic ramifications of sertoli cells
2) Phagocytosis of residual bodies
3) Secretion-fluid for sperm transport, androgen-binding protein (ABP), inhibin (negative feedback on GnRH and FSH secretion), AMH and activin (positive feedback on FSH secretion
4) Nutritional regulation-isolation of developing spermatozoa from blood, spermatogenic cells depend upon sertoli cells for exchange of nutrients

Question 5

____ is a continuous belt of occluding junctions joining lateral surfaces of adjacent sertoli cells and separates seminiferous tubules into 2 functional compartments

Answer 5

Blood-testis barrier

Question 6

___ aids in the prevention of developing spermatozoa from being recognized as foreign and provoking an immune response

Answer 6

Blood-testis barrier

Question 7

___ is when spermatogenic cells are absent and AKA germinal cell aplasia or Del Castillo syndrome. It is characterized by Reinke crystalloids of Leydig cells, permanent and irreversible azoospermia and can be either congenital or acquired (radiation, chemo, trauma)

Answer 7

Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCOS)

Question 8

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

Answer 8

Spermatocytogenesis
Meiosis
Spermiogenesis

Question 9

The division of spermatogonia to form primary spermatocytes is via ___

Answer 9

Mitosis

Question 10

Type Ad spermatogonium undergo mitosis to produce ___

Answer 10

Ad and Ap spermatogonium

Question 11

Type Ap divides to form type __

Answer 11

B

Question 12

Type B undergoes further mitosis to form ___

Answer 12

Primary spermatocytes

Question 13

___ are diploid for chromosome number but are tetraploid for DNA (46, 4n)

Answer 13

Primary spermatocytes

Question 14

___ takes about 22 days, most primary spermatocytes are seen in this phase and is characterized by chromosomes in various stages of coiling (nuclear morphology varies)

Answer 14

Meiosis 1: Prophase

Question 15

__ are products of the 2nd meiotic division, are haploid for both chromosome number (23) and DNA. They are small cells with heterochromatic nuclei located closer to the lumen.

Answer 15

Spermatids

Question 16

___ are located in the lumen of seminiferous tubules, have dark and flattened nuclei and are final products of spermatogenesis. They are haploid for both chromosome number (23,n) and DNA

Answer 16

Spermatozoa

AKA late spermatids

Question 17

List the 4 major events of spermiogenesis:

Answer 17

• Development of the flagellum
• Development of the acrosome (4 phases)
• Development of the manchette
• Nuclear condensation (protamines)

Question 18

The ___ phase has a specialized lysosome, contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, and aid in penetrating the ovum during fertilization

Answer 18

Cap

Question 19

__ emerges from the axonemal complex of 1 centriole to form the tail

Answer 19

Flagellum

Question 20

___ is a band of microtubules that surrounds the nucleus

Answer 20

Manchette

Question 21

__ phase is characterized by nuclear shaping and condensation; somatic histones replaced by sperm-specific histones (protamines)

Answer 21

Maturation

Question 22

___ has the following functions:

• “Fluid mosaic model”
• Many membrane domains
• Egg receptors in post-acrosomal region

Answer 22

Sperm cell membrane

Question 23

\_\_\_ has the following functions:
-Specialized lysosome
-RIch in hydrolytic enzymes
-Digests ECM and Zona pellucida
-

Answer 23

Acrosome

Question 24

__ has the following functions:

• Haploid genetic complement
• Condensed DNA bound to sperm-specific histones

Answer 24

Nucleus

Question 25

___ has the following functions: - Several of these fused together into a spiral - Generates ATP for flagellar movement

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

___ has the following functions: - 9 + 2 microtubules form axoneme - Sliding of microtubules generates motive force

Answer 26

Flagellum

Question 27

What is missing in Kartagener's syndrome?

Answer 27

No Dynein arms Primary ciliary dyskinesia or immotile cilia syndrome

Question 28

___ is classified as less than 15 million sperm/mL

Answer 28

Oligospermia

Question 29

Oligospermia can be caused by deletion of the ___ region on the Y chromosome

Answer 29

AZF --> Azoospermia factor

Question 30

___ is low motility of semen and graded from A (forward motility in straight line) to D (immotile)

Answer 30

Asthenospermia

Question 31

___ secrete testosterone on stimulation by LH and occur in clusters between the tubules

Answer 31

Leydig (interstitial) cells

Question 32

__ is a dilation of veins in the spermatic cord that leads to a decrease in sperm production

Answer 32

Varicocele

Question 33

Within the genital duct system is the ___ pathway. The genital duct system is continuous with seminiferous tubules. It extends from straight tubules/rete testis to the urethra, has intratesticular and excretory portions and requires testosterone for normal function

Answer 33

Sperm maturation

Question 34

List histological characteristics for straight tubules/rete testis:

Answer 34

Low cuboidal cells, fibroblasts and myoid cells for peristalsis

Question 35

List histological characteristics for efferent ductules:

Answer 35

Mixed epithelium of tall ciliated columnar (propel sperm) and low cuboidal/microvilli principal cells (absorb testicular fluid)

Question 36

List histological characteristics of the epididymis:

Answer 36

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and principal cells/stereocilia; Sheath of circular smooth muscle Peristaltic contractions propel sperm towards ductus deferens

Question 37

What are the 3 main functions of the epididymis?

Answer 37

1) sperm transport to tail for storage 2) storage until ejaculation 3) maturation: acquire forward motility pattern and acquire specific surface proteins

Question 38

___ is from the epididymis to prostate gland and its contractions move sperm. It is found in the spermatic cord

Answer 38

Ductus (vas) deferens

Question 39

The vas deferens is derived from the ___

Answer 39

Mesonephric duct (from mesonephros or 2nd kidney)

Question 40

Where is the vas deferens relative to the ureter?

Answer 40

Anterior -->"water under the bridge"

Question 41

___ are separated from the rectum by the rectovesical pouch and rectovesical septum

Answer 41

Seminal vesicles Enlarged vesicles may be palpated through rectum

Question 42

__ secrete an alkaline (neutralize acid in female), viscous fluid rich in fructose which is used for ATP production by sperm. Its secretions make up 60-70% of human ejaculate

Answer 42

Seminal vesicles

Question 43

___ is surrounded by highly vascularized, capsule of DICT and smooth muscle and is pierced by the urethra and ejaculatory ducts

Answer 43

Prostate

Question 44

___ secretions produce 30% of the volume of seminal fluid, provides nutrients for sperm, and produce prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)

Answer 44

Prostate

Question 45

Prostate secretory proteases such as ___ maintain semen fluidity (fibrinolysin) by acting as an anti-coagulant

Answer 45

PSA (chymotrypsin-like)

Question 46

The formation, synthesis and release of prostatic secretions is regulated by ___

Answer 46

DHT

Question 47

This part of the prostate has smooth muscle surrounding the glands that forces ejection of prostatic fluid to mix into seminal fluid during ejaculation

Answer 47

Muscular pump

Question 48

How do you definitely recognize the prostate on histological examination?

Answer 48

Corpora amylacea --> lamellated bodies that form by precipitation of secretory material around cell fragments. May become calcified

Question 49

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with the __ zone and can block urine flow through the urethra

Answer 49

Central

Question 50

Prostate cancer is associated with ___ zone and usually doesnt block the flow of urine

Answer 50

Peripheral

Question 51

___ is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland and is the most common benign neoplasm among men.

Answer 51

BPH

Question 52

___ are superior to the perineal membrane, embedded with sphincter urethrae and open into the spongy urethra. It makes mucus-like secretions to lubricate the urethra

Answer 52

Bulbourethral glands

Question 53

List the components of the efferent duct system and the 3 accessory glands:

Answer 53

Duct system=Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra Accessory glands=seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands