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Reproductive And Development > 2-22-16-Male Repro Histology (Cole) > Flashcards

2-22-16-Male Repro Histology (Cole) Flashcards

1
Q

List the 3 layers of the walls of seminiferous tubules:

A

Tunica propria
Basal lamina
Seminiferous epithelium

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2
Q

___ are tall, branched columnar cells that rest on the basement membrane. They have a pale, oval nucleus with a prominent nucleolus and protect developing spermatids

A

Sertoli (supporting) cells

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3
Q

___ respond to FSH, their margins are poorly defined yet bound tightly (occluding junctions), form a continuous sheath around the lumen and are part of the blood-testis barrier

A

Sertoli cells

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4
Q

List the 4 functions of sertoli cells:

A

1) Physical support-extensive cytoplasmic ramifications of sertoli cells
2) Phagocytosis of residual bodies
3) Secretion-fluid for sperm transport, androgen-binding protein (ABP), inhibin (negative feedback on GnRH and FSH secretion), AMH and activin (positive feedback on FSH secretion
4) Nutritional regulation-isolation of developing spermatozoa from blood, spermatogenic cells depend upon sertoli cells for exchange of nutrients

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5
Q

____ is a continuous belt of occluding junctions joining lateral surfaces of adjacent sertoli cells and separates seminiferous tubules into 2 functional compartments

A

Blood-testis barrier

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6
Q

___ aids in the prevention of developing spermatozoa from being recognized as foreign and provoking an immune response

A

Blood-testis barrier

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7
Q

___ is when spermatogenic cells are absent and AKA germinal cell aplasia or Del Castillo syndrome. It is characterized by Reinke crystalloids of Leydig cells, permanent and irreversible azoospermia and can be either congenital or acquired (radiation, chemo, trauma)

A

Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCOS)

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8
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogenesis
Meiosis
Spermiogenesis

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9
Q

The division of spermatogonia to form primary spermatocytes is via ___

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

Type Ad spermatogonium undergo mitosis to produce ___

A

Ad and Ap spermatogonium

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11
Q

Type Ap divides to form type __

A

B

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12
Q

Type B undergoes further mitosis to form ___

A

Primary spermatocytes

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13
Q

___ are diploid for chromosome number but are tetraploid for DNA (46, 4n)

A

Primary spermatocytes

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14
Q

___ takes about 22 days, most primary spermatocytes are seen in this phase and is characterized by chromosomes in various stages of coiling (nuclear morphology varies)

A

Meiosis 1: Prophase

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15
Q

__ are products of the 2nd meiotic division, are haploid for both chromosome number (23) and DNA. They are small cells with heterochromatic nuclei located closer to the lumen.

A

Spermatids

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16
Q

___ are located in the lumen of seminiferous tubules, have dark and flattened nuclei and are final products of spermatogenesis. They are haploid for both chromosome number (23,n) and DNA

A

Spermatozoa

AKA late spermatids

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17
Q

List the 4 major events of spermiogenesis:

A
  • Development of the flagellum
  • Development of the acrosome (4 phases)
  • Development of the manchette
  • Nuclear condensation (protamines)
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18
Q

The ___ phase has a specialized lysosome, contains a variety of hydrolytic enzymes, and aid in penetrating the ovum during fertilization

A

Cap

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19
Q

__ emerges from the axonemal complex of 1 centriole to form the tail

A

Flagellum

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20
Q

___ is a band of microtubules that surrounds the nucleus

A

Manchette

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21
Q

__ phase is characterized by nuclear shaping and condensation; somatic histones replaced by sperm-specific histones (protamines)

A

Maturation

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22
Q

___ has the following functions:

  • “Fluid mosaic model”
  • Many membrane domains
  • Egg receptors in post-acrosomal region
A

Sperm cell membrane

23
Q 
\_\_\_ has the following functions:
-Specialized lysosome
-RIch in hydrolytic enzymes
-Digests ECM and Zona pellucida
-
A

Acrosome

24
Q

__ has the following functions:

  • Haploid genetic complement
  • Condensed DNA bound to sperm-specific histones
A

Nucleus

25
Q

___ has the following functions:

  • Several of these fused together into a spiral
  • Generates ATP for flagellar movement
A

Mitochondria

26
Q

___ has the following functions:

  • 9 + 2 microtubules form axoneme
  • Sliding of microtubules generates motive force
A

Flagellum

27
Q

What is missing in Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

No Dynein arms

Primary ciliary dyskinesia or immotile cilia syndrome

28
Q

___ is classified as less than 15 million sperm/mL

A

Oligospermia

29
Q

Oligospermia can be caused by deletion of the ___ region on the Y chromosome

A

AZF –> Azoospermia factor

30
Q

___ is low motility of semen and graded from A (forward motility in straight line) to D (immotile)

A

Asthenospermia

31
Q

___ secrete testosterone on stimulation by LH and occur in clusters between the tubules

A

Leydig (interstitial) cells

32
Q

__ is a dilation of veins in the spermatic cord that leads to a decrease in sperm production

A

Varicocele

33
Q

Within the genital duct system is the ___ pathway. The genital duct system is continuous with seminiferous tubules. It extends from straight tubules/rete testis to the urethra, has intratesticular and excretory portions and requires testosterone for normal function

A

Sperm maturation

34
Q

List histological characteristics for straight tubules/rete testis:

A

Low cuboidal cells, fibroblasts and myoid cells for peristalsis

35
Q

List histological characteristics for efferent ductules:

A

Mixed epithelium of tall ciliated columnar (propel sperm) and low cuboidal/microvilli principal cells (absorb testicular fluid)

36
Q

List histological characteristics of the epididymis:

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium and principal cells/stereocilia; Sheath of circular smooth muscle

Peristaltic contractions propel sperm towards ductus deferens

37
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the epididymis?

A

1) sperm transport to tail for storage
2) storage until ejaculation
3) maturation: acquire forward motility pattern and acquire specific surface proteins

38
Q

___ is from the epididymis to prostate gland and its contractions move sperm. It is found in the spermatic cord

A

Ductus (vas) deferens

39
Q

The vas deferens is derived from the ___

A

Mesonephric duct (from mesonephros or 2nd kidney)

40
Q

Where is the vas deferens relative to the ureter?

A

Anterior –>”water under the bridge”

41
Q

___ are separated from the rectum by the rectovesical pouch and rectovesical septum

A

Seminal vesicles

Enlarged vesicles may be palpated through rectum

42
Q

__ secrete an alkaline (neutralize acid in female), viscous fluid rich in fructose which is used for ATP production by sperm. Its secretions make up 60-70% of human ejaculate

A

Seminal vesicles

43
Q

___ is surrounded by highly vascularized, capsule of DICT and smooth muscle and is pierced by the urethra and ejaculatory ducts

A

Prostate

44
Q

___ secretions produce 30% of the volume of seminal fluid, provides nutrients for sperm, and produce prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP)

A

Prostate

45
Q

Prostate secretory proteases such as ___ maintain semen fluidity (fibrinolysin) by acting as an anti-coagulant

A

PSA (chymotrypsin-like)

46
Q

The formation, synthesis and release of prostatic secretions is regulated by ___

A

DHT

47
Q

This part of the prostate has smooth muscle surrounding the glands that forces ejection of prostatic fluid to mix into seminal fluid during ejaculation

A

Muscular pump

48
Q

How do you definitely recognize the prostate on histological examination?

A

Corpora amylacea –> lamellated bodies that form by precipitation of secretory material around cell fragments. May become calcified

49
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is associated with the __ zone and can block urine flow through the urethra

A

Central

50
Q

Prostate cancer is associated with ___ zone and usually doesnt block the flow of urine

A

Peripheral

51
Q

___ is a nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland and is the most common benign neoplasm among men.

A

BPH

52
Q

___ are superior to the perineal membrane, embedded with sphincter urethrae and open into the spongy urethra. It makes mucus-like secretions to lubricate the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands

53
Q

List the components of the efferent duct system and the 3 accessory glands:

A

Duct system=Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Ejaculatory duct, Urethra

Accessory glands=seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Reproductive And Development (16 decks)

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