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NUERO-ANATOMY > 2-2 auditory system > Flashcards

2-2 auditory system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of pinna

A

funnelilng of sound

sound localization / differentiating sounds

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2
Q

functions of ear canal

A

protects the ear drum from foreign bodies

amplifies certain frequencies

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3
Q

functions of middle ear

A

transmits sound to the cochlea

pressure equalizer

amplification of sound

impedance matching

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4
Q

tympanic membrane

A

middle ear

transmission & amplification

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5
Q

ossicular chain

A

middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes

impedance matching
sound transmission to cochlea

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6
Q

oval window

A

middle ear

transmission of sound waves

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7
Q

round window

A

middle ear

pressure release valve for cochlear fluids

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8
Q

eustachian tube

A

pressure equalizer of middle ear

needs to be diagonal in order to drain
horizontal in children

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9
Q

middle ear muscles

A

middle ear

tensor tympani, stapedius

acoustic reflex
protects inner ear from loud noises

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10
Q

functions of inner ear

A

hearing & balance

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11
Q

tonotopic organization of cochlea

A

apex = lower frequencies

base = higher frequencies

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12
Q

scala vestibuli

A

uppermost chamber of cochlea

filled w/ perilymph

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13
Q

scala media

A

middle chamber of cochlea

filled w/ endolymph

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14
Q

scala tympani

A

bottom chamber of cochlea

filled w/ perilymph

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15
Q

perilymph

A

low K+
high Na+

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16
Q

endolymph

A

high K+
low Na+

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17
Q

organ of corti

A

located in the scala media

rests on top of basilar membrane

includes stereocilia (hair cells)

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18
Q

organ of corti function

A

converting mechanical vibrations or sound waves into electrical signals

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19
Q

basilar membrane

A

tonotopic organization

frequency depends on stiffness & mass of an object

becomes bigger in diameter as it goes toward apex

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20
Q

mass dominant bm

A

apex end

BM is wider, more flexible, greater mass

lower frequenvies

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21
Q

stiffness dominant bm

A

basal end

bm narrower, stiffer, lower mass

higher frequencies

22
Q

outer hair cells

A

straight, thin, 3 rows

send info to the brain through bm as it vibrates

actin present - can change its length

efferent = 85-85%
afferent = 5-15%

23
Q

inner hair cells

A

curved, thick, single row

determine which frequencies are present

sensory - sending more specific info to brain

afferent = 85-90%
efferent = 5-15%

24
Q

are hair cells polarized or nonpolarized

A

highly polarized

excess of negative or positive charged ions outside of cell

25
Q
  1. mechanoelectrical transduction
A

sound waves cause the stereocilia to move

opening of MET channels in IHC membrane

26
Q
  1. receptor potential
A

the opening of transduction channels allows positively charged ions (K+) to enter the hair cell

27
Q
  1. neurotransmitter release
A

in inner hair cells, the receptor potential triggers the release of neurotransmitters at the synapses w/ auditory nerve fibers

28
Q
  1. action potential
A

the release of neurotransmitters at the synapses between inner hair cells & auditory nerve fibers initiates action potentials in the nerve fibers

29
Q

summary of cochlear events - air mechanisms

A

stapes pushes on oval window

perilymph moves in the scala vestibuli

30
Q

summary of cochlear events - fluid mechanisms

A

fluid pushes on the round window

endolymph moves in the scala media

OHCs move

basilar membrane moves

31
Q

summary of cochlear events - electrical & chemical mechanisms

A

ion channels in IHCs open

neurotransmitters released

auditory nerve (AN) fibers get stimulated

32
Q

info coded by cochlea

A

frequency
intensity
timing

33
Q

frequency

A

pitch of sound

how often nerve is firing

34
Q

intensity

A

energy carried by the sound

how many neurons are firing

35
Q

timing

A

when the firing is occurring

36
Q

firing rate

A

of action potentials or electrical impulses generated by a neuron over a period of time

of spikes / second

37
Q

firing rate threshold

A

level at which the firing rate is greater than the spontaneous rate

38
Q

frequency encoding - place theory

A

frequency info from which AN fibers are firing

where they came from on the basilar membrane

39
Q

frequency encoding - temporal theory

A

freq info form timing of neural firing

higher freq - the neuron will skip stimulus cycles

groups of neurons compensate for missing spikes

40
Q

CANS

A

central auditory nervous system

41
Q

cochlear nucleus

A

CANS

1st synapse from the brainstem

42
Q

superior olivary complex

A

CANS

inputs from both ears converge

43
Q

inferior colliculus

A

CANS

integration & routing of signals, pitch discrimination

44
Q

lateral lemniscus

A

CANS

carries info about sound from the cochlear nucleus to various brainstem nuclei

45
Q

medial geniculate body

A

further specialization

can detect more specific features

46
Q

auditory cortex

A

further specialization

assists w/ plasticity

47
Q

interaural time difference

A

crucial cue using tome to differentiate between the left & right ear

low frequencies

48
Q

ineraural level difference

A

crucial cue using intensity to differentiate between the left & right ear

49
Q

spectral cues

A

provide info about the direction of a sound source, especially in vertical plane

50
Q

neural plasticity

A

the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganizing its structure, functions, or connections

51
Q

wernickes area

A

superior temporal gyrus

language processing & production

NUERO-ANATOMY (9 decks)

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