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NUERO-ANATOMY > 1-1 terms of orientation & gross anatomy > Flashcards

1-1 terms of orientation & gross anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

transverse section

A

divides body into upper & lower parts

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2
Q

coronal section

A

divides body into front & back parts

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3
Q

sagittal section

A

left & right parts

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4
Q

ventral

A

towards the stomach

for brain = towards the bottom of it

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5
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back / away from stomach

for brain = towards the top of it

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6
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

for brain = towards the front of body

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7
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

for brain = towards the back of the body

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8
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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9
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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10
Q

proximal

A

toward the center of the body or point of attachment

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11
Q

distal

A

away from the center of the body or point of attachment

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12
Q

superior

A

above/farther from the ground

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13
Q

inferior

A

below/closer to the ground

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14
Q

superficial

A

external

confined to the surface or immediately below it

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15
Q

deep

A

internal

closer to the central axis of the body / away from the surface

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16
Q

tract

A

a discrete collection of white fibers

axons

often named for where they originate & terminate

white matter

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17
Q

ganglia

A

groups of nerve cell bodies found in the PNS

gray matter

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18
Q

homunculus

A

if human body mirrored brain territory for each body part

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

brain & spinal cord

both encased in bony housing
brain - cranium
spinal cord - vertebrae

consists of 4 main parts
1. cerebrum - 2 hemispheres
2. cerebellum
3. brainstem - connection to spinal cord
4. spinal cord

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that go from periphery to center

consists of nerves entering & exiting the CNS

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic (cranial & spinal)

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21
Q

cranial nerves

A

exit brainstem & innervate the speech musculature

enter the brainstem for sensory function

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22
Q

spinal nerves

A

exit spinal cord & innervate muscles of the body

enter the brainstem for sensory function

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

PNS

involuntary control

sensory & motor nerves innervate visceral organs & glands

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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24
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS

voluntary control

sensory & motor nerves innervate muscles & skin

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25
Q

sympathetic system

A

PNS, autonomic, involuntary

spends body energy by activating visceral organs & glands in response to fight, flight & fear

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26
Q

parasympathetic system

A

PNS, autonomic, involuntary

conserves energy & brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic activation

rest & digest

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27
Q

glial cell

A

“glia” = glue –> originally believed to be the glue that held neurons in place

more than 100 billion

assistive funtion:
- support framework
- metabolize certain substances
- clean up “debris”
- myelination

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28
Q

4 types of glial cells in CNS

A
  1. astrocytes
  2. oligodendrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal
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29
Q

astrocytes

A

provide nutrients, repair

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30
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

provide myelin sheath

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31
Q

microglia

A

clean up

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32
Q

ependymal

A

line cavities

cerebral spine fluid

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33
Q

schwann cells

A

PNS

provides myelin sheath

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34
Q

neurons

A

approx. 80-100 billion per person

transmit info via nerve impulses (within neuron) or synapses (across neurons)

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35
Q

soma

A

cell body

where info is processed

36
Q

dendrites

A

receive impulses

carry info to cell body – send to soma

many per neuron

37
Q

axon

A

sends impulses

carry info AWAY from cell body

can vary in diameter & length (body stays in brain, axon can be very long to reach toes)
thicker conduct faster –> straw vs hose

one axon per neuron

38
Q

myelin sheath

A

protects wire & speeds transmission

39
Q

axon terminals or boutons

A

establishes contact w/ another neuron, muscle, or gland

40
Q

synapse

A

site of contact

space between neurons

41
Q

white matter

A

myelinated fiber

axons –> really fatty tissue, appears white

info transmission

42
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the brain that appear to be gray

cell bodies –> soma, makes up the surface of the brain

nucleus
cortex
ganglia

info processing

43
Q

nucleus

A

discrete collection of cell bodies

44
Q

cortex

A

extensive layer of cell bodies

45
Q

gyri

A

cortical convolutions of the brain

46
Q

fissures or sulci

A

grooves in the brain

fissures are deeper than sulci

create more surface area for the brain

47
Q

broadmann’s area #4

A

primary motor cortex

origin of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts

contralateral motor control

48
Q

broadmann’s area #6

A

premotor cortex

considered a supplement to BA 4

important for movement planning

supplementary motor area = control of sequential movement, important role in speech

49
Q

broadmann’s area #1,2,3

A

primary sensory cortex

post central gyrus

perception of somatic sensation
interpretation & elaboration of sensory experience

50
Q

broadmann’s area #44 & 45

A

broca’s area

important for spoken language

aphasia: trouble PRODUCING language, no issues w/ comprehension

51
Q

broadmann’s area # 41 & 42

A

primary auditory cortex

52
Q

broadmann’s area #22

A

wernicke’s area

involved in spoken word comprehension

aphasia: can speak fluently, nonsensical

53
Q

broadmann’s area #17, 18, 19

A

visual cortex

54
Q

frontal lobe boundaries

A

inferior - lateral sulcus

posterior - central sulcus

55
Q

frontal lobe function

A

motor control
planning
inhibition
cognitive function
initiation
speech & language

56
Q

frontal lobe landmarks

A

pre-central gyrus

comprises primary motor cortex

cortical strip - voluntary control of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body

57
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

BA 10-12

reasoning
abstract thinking
self-monitoring
decision making
planning
pragmatic behaviors

58
Q

insula

A

loacted deep to the lateral fissure

relays somatosensory info

important in language function & swallowing

59
Q

parietal lobe boundaries

A

anterior - central sulcus

inferior - posterior end of lateral sulcus

posterior - imaginary border line

60
Q

parietal lobe function

A

spatial orientation
perception
sensation
language comprehension

61
Q

parietal lobe landmarks

A

angular & supramarginal gyri:
important in reading & writing in dominant hemisphere for language

superior portion - visuospatial

inferior portion:
left hemisphere - language functions (reading, writing, math)
right hemisphere - body schema

62
Q

temporal lobe boundaries

A

superior - lateral fissure

posterior - imaginary line that forms the anterior border of occipital lobe

63
Q

temporal lobe function

A

auditory processing
learning
memory

64
Q

temporal lobe landmarks

A

superior & middle temporal gyri:
auditory comprehension & semantic representation of words

inferior & occipitaotemporal gyri

65
Q

medial temporal lobe

A

hippocampus - memory
bilaterally organized

parahippocampal & occipitotemporal gyri

66
Q

occipital lobe boundaries

A

small area behind the parietal lobe, marked by imaginary lines

67
Q

occipital lobe function

A

vision

68
Q

limbic lobe location

A

medial surface of the 2 hemispheres

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus

69
Q

limbic lobe function

A

involved in emotion
affect
motivation
drive-related behavior
memory

70
Q

corpus callosum

A

myelinated fiber bundle that interconnects most cortical areas of both hemispheres

71
Q

association cortices

A

not otherwise designated primary motor or sensory cortex

comprises majority of cerebral hemispheres

organizes info that comes from various other areas of the brain

often linked to complex functions

72
Q

unimodal association cortices

A

“secondary”

adjacent to primary motor & sensory areas

usually only 1 type of input processed here

73
Q

multimodal association cortices

A

adjacent to unimodal

integrates info from multiple sensory & motor areas

prefrontal (or frontal)
anterior temporal (or limbic)
parietal-temporal-occipital area

74
Q

cerebellum

A

little brain

background muscle - maintain posture, stand straight

make sure we do things right - cleanly & accurately

75
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of nuclei that reside in the CNS

select & initiate motor plans

involved in early acquisition of learned & skilled movements

emotion, reward, motivation

76
Q

thalamus

A

sensory relay

determines where the info is sent

sorts & forwards

77
Q

hypothalamus

A

homeostasis

links the nervous system w/ the endocrine system

mediates & regulates (temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, etc)

78
Q

brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla (top to bottom)

contains lower motor neurons for muscles of head & sensory processing for head & neck

79
Q

conduit functions of brainstem

A

ascending & descending tracts

80
Q

cranial nerve functions of brainstem

A

contains cranial nerve relay nuclei

equivalent of spinal nerves

special sense

81
Q

integrative functions of brainstem

A

compex motor patterns
respiratory & cardiovascular activity

82
Q

spinal nerves

A

spinal cord = CNS
spinal nerves = PNS

named after the region they’re attached to

8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

83
Q

spinal cord

A

outer ring of white matter, inner gray matter

white matter - ascending & descending fibers
gray matter - contains nerve cell bodies

4 gray matter horns - 2 dorsal & 2 ventral

wider at cervical & lumbar sections - need more motor control & sensory processing

84
Q

dorsal horns

A

contain secondary sensory nerve cells receiving info from the dorsal root ganglion

85
Q

ventral horns

A

contain motor nerve cells which project through anterior roots to activate muscles, glands, cells

NUERO-ANATOMY (9 decks)

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