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NUERO-ANATOMY > 1-1 terms of orientation & gross anatomy > Flashcards

1-1 terms of orientation & gross anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

transverse section

A

divides body into upper & lower parts

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2
Q

coronal section

A

divides body into front & back parts

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3
Q

sagittal section

A

left & right parts

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4
Q

ventral

A

towards the stomach

for brain = towards the bottom of it

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5
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back / away from stomach

for brain = towards the top of it

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6
Q

rostral

A

toward the nose

for brain = towards the front of body

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7
Q

caudal

A

toward the tail

for brain = towards the back of the body

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8
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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9
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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10
Q

proximal

A

toward the center of the body or point of attachment

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11
Q

distal

A

away from the center of the body or point of attachment

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12
Q

superior

A

above/farther from the ground

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13
Q

inferior

A

below/closer to the ground

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14
Q

superficial

A

external

confined to the surface or immediately below it

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15
Q

deep

A

internal

closer to the central axis of the body / away from the surface

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16
Q

tract

A

a discrete collection of white fibers

axons

often named for where they originate & terminate

white matter

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17
Q

ganglia

A

groups of nerve cell bodies found in the PNS

gray matter

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18
Q

homunculus

A

if human body mirrored brain territory for each body part

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19
Q

central nervous system

A

brain & spinal cord

both encased in bony housing
brain - cranium
spinal cord - vertebrae

consists of 4 main parts
1. cerebrum - 2 hemispheres
2. cerebellum
3. brainstem - connection to spinal cord
4. spinal cord

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20
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

nerves that go from periphery to center

consists of nerves entering & exiting the CNS

cranial nerves
spinal nerves
autonomic (cranial & spinal)

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21
Q

cranial nerves

A

exit brainstem & innervate the speech musculature

enter the brainstem for sensory function

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22
Q

spinal nerves

A

exit spinal cord & innervate muscles of the body

enter the brainstem for sensory function

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23
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

PNS

involuntary control

sensory & motor nerves innervate visceral organs & glands

sympathetic
parasympathetic

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24
Q

somatic nervous system

A

PNS

voluntary control

sensory & motor nerves innervate muscles & skin

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25
sympathetic system
PNS, autonomic, involuntary spends body energy by activating visceral organs & glands in response to fight, flight & fear
26
parasympathetic system
PNS, autonomic, involuntary conserves energy & brings visceral functions back to normal levels after sympathetic activation rest & digest
27
glial cell
"glia" = glue --> originally believed to be the glue that held neurons in place more than 100 billion assistive funtion: - support framework - metabolize certain substances - clean up "debris" - myelination
28
4 types of glial cells in CNS
1. astrocytes 2. oligodendrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal
29
astrocytes
provide nutrients, repair
30
oligodendrocytes
provide myelin sheath
31
microglia
clean up
32
ependymal
line cavities cerebral spine fluid
33
schwann cells
PNS provides myelin sheath
34
neurons
approx. 80-100 billion per person transmit info via nerve impulses (within neuron) or synapses (across neurons)
35
soma
cell body where info is processed
36
dendrites
receive impulses carry info to cell body -- send to soma many per neuron
37
axon
sends impulses carry info AWAY from cell body can vary in diameter & length (body stays in brain, axon can be very long to reach toes) thicker conduct faster --> straw vs hose one axon per neuron
38
myelin sheath
protects wire & speeds transmission
39
axon terminals or boutons
establishes contact w/ another neuron, muscle, or gland
40
synapse
site of contact space between neurons
41
white matter
myelinated fiber axons --> really fatty tissue, appears white info transmission
42
gray matter
areas of the brain that appear to be gray cell bodies --> soma, makes up the surface of the brain nucleus cortex ganglia info processing
43
nucleus
discrete collection of cell bodies
44
cortex
extensive layer of cell bodies
45
gyri
cortical convolutions of the brain
46
fissures or sulci
grooves in the brain fissures are deeper than sulci create more surface area for the brain
47
broadmann's area #4
primary motor cortex origin of corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts contralateral motor control
48
broadmann's area #6
premotor cortex considered a supplement to BA 4 important for movement planning supplementary motor area = control of sequential movement, important role in speech
49
broadmann's area #1,2,3
primary sensory cortex post central gyrus perception of somatic sensation interpretation & elaboration of sensory experience
50
broadmann's area #44 & 45
broca's area important for spoken language aphasia: trouble PRODUCING language, no issues w/ comprehension
51
broadmann's area # 41 & 42
primary auditory cortex
52
broadmann's area #22
wernicke's area involved in spoken word comprehension aphasia: can speak fluently, nonsensical
53
broadmann's area #17, 18, 19
visual cortex
54
frontal lobe boundaries
inferior - lateral sulcus posterior - central sulcus
55
frontal lobe function
motor control planning inhibition cognitive function initiation speech & language
56
frontal lobe landmarks
pre-central gyrus comprises primary motor cortex cortical strip - voluntary control of skeletal muscle on the opposite side of the body
57
prefrontal cortex
BA 10-12 reasoning abstract thinking self-monitoring decision making planning pragmatic behaviors
58
insula
loacted deep to the lateral fissure relays somatosensory info important in language function & swallowing
59
parietal lobe boundaries
anterior - central sulcus inferior - posterior end of lateral sulcus posterior - imaginary border line
60
parietal lobe function
spatial orientation perception sensation language comprehension
61
parietal lobe landmarks
angular & supramarginal gyri: important in reading & writing in dominant hemisphere for language superior portion - visuospatial inferior portion: left hemisphere - language functions (reading, writing, math) right hemisphere - body schema
62
temporal lobe boundaries
superior - lateral fissure posterior - imaginary line that forms the anterior border of occipital lobe
63
temporal lobe function
auditory processing learning memory
64
temporal lobe landmarks
superior & middle temporal gyri: auditory comprehension & semantic representation of words inferior & occipitaotemporal gyri
65
medial temporal lobe
hippocampus - memory bilaterally organized parahippocampal & occipitotemporal gyri
66
occipital lobe boundaries
small area behind the parietal lobe, marked by imaginary lines
67
occipital lobe function
vision
68
limbic lobe location
medial surface of the 2 hemispheres cingulate gyrus parahippocampal gyrus
69
limbic lobe function
involved in emotion affect motivation drive-related behavior memory
70
corpus callosum
myelinated fiber bundle that interconnects most cortical areas of both hemispheres
71
association cortices
not otherwise designated primary motor or sensory cortex comprises majority of cerebral hemispheres organizes info that comes from various other areas of the brain often linked to complex functions
72
unimodal association cortices
"secondary" adjacent to primary motor & sensory areas usually only 1 type of input processed here
73
multimodal association cortices
adjacent to unimodal integrates info from multiple sensory & motor areas prefrontal (or frontal) anterior temporal (or limbic) parietal-temporal-occipital area
74
cerebellum
little brain background muscle - maintain posture, stand straight make sure we do things right - cleanly & accurately
75
basal ganglia
group of nuclei that reside in the CNS select & initiate motor plans involved in early acquisition of learned & skilled movements emotion, reward, motivation
76
thalamus
sensory relay determines where the info is sent sorts & forwards
77
hypothalamus
homeostasis links the nervous system w/ the endocrine system mediates & regulates (temp, thirst, hunger, sleep, etc)
78
brainstem
midbrain, pons, medulla (top to bottom) contains lower motor neurons for muscles of head & sensory processing for head & neck
79
conduit functions of brainstem
ascending & descending tracts
80
cranial nerve functions of brainstem
contains cranial nerve relay nuclei equivalent of spinal nerves special sense
81
integrative functions of brainstem
compex motor patterns respiratory & cardiovascular activity
82
spinal nerves
spinal cord = CNS spinal nerves = PNS named after the region they're attached to 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
83
spinal cord
outer ring of white matter, inner gray matter white matter - ascending & descending fibers gray matter - contains nerve cell bodies 4 gray matter horns - 2 dorsal & 2 ventral wider at cervical & lumbar sections - need more motor control & sensory processing
84
dorsal horns
contain secondary sensory nerve cells receiving info from the dorsal root ganglion
85
ventral horns
contain motor nerve cells which project through anterior roots to activate muscles, glands, cells

NUERO-ANATOMY (9 decks)

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